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# Gotchas

It is recognized that decisions were made that may not always be ideal for a given user. In order to highlight those potential issues and hopefully bring some sense into a confusing situation, this document was drawn.

## client_encoding setting should be altered carefully

postgresql.driver‘s streaming cursor implementation reads a fixed set of rows when it queries the server for more. In order to optimize some situations, the driver will send a request for more data, but makes no attempt to wait and process the data as it is not yet needed. When the user comes back to read more data from the cursor, it will then look at this new data. The problem being, if client_encoding was switched, it may use the wrong codec to transform the wire data into higher level Python objects(str).

To avoid this problem from ever happening, set the client_encoding early. Furthermore, it is probably best to never change the client_encoding as the driver automatically makes the necessary transformation to Python strings.

## The user and password is correct, but it does not work when using postgresql.driver

This issue likely comes from the possibility that the information sent to the server early in the negotiation phase may not be in an encoding that is consistent with the server’s encoding.

One problem is that PostgreSQL does not provide the client with the server encoding early enough in the negotiation phase, and, therefore, is unable to process the password data in a way that is consistent with the server’s expectations.

Another problem is that PostgreSQL takes much of the data in the startup message as-is, so a decision about the best way to encode parameters is difficult.

The easy way to avoid most issues with this problem is to initialize the database in the utf-8 encoding. The driver defaults the expected server encoding to utf-8. However, this can be overridden by creating the Connector with a server_encoding parameter. Setting server_encoding to the proper value of the target server will allow the driver to properly encode some of the parameters. Also, any GUC parameters passed via the settings parameter should use typed objects when possible to hint that the server encoding should not be used on that parameter(bytes, for instance).

## Backslash characters are being treated literally

The driver enables standard compliant strings. Stop using non-standard features. ;)

If support for non-standard strings was provided it would require to the driver to provide subjective quote interfaces(eg, db.quote_literal). Doing so is not desirable as it introduces difficulties for the driver and the user.

## Types without binary support in the driver are unsupported in arrays and records

When an array or composite type is identified, postgresql.protocol.typio ultimately chooses the binary format for the transfer of the column or parameter. When this is done, PostgreSQL will pack or expect all the values in binary format as well. If that binary format is not supported and the type is not an string, it will fail to unpack the row or pack the appropriate data for the element or attribute.

In most cases issues related to this can be avoided with explicit casts to text.

## NOTICEs, WARNINGs, and other messages are too verbose

For many situations, the information provided with database messages is far too verbose. However, considering that py-postgresql is a programmer’s library, the default of high verbosity is taken with the express purpose of allowing the programmer to “adjust the volume” until appropriate.

By default, py-postgresql adjusts the `client_min_messages` to only emit messages at the WARNING level or higher–ERRORs, FATALs, and PANICs. This reduces the number of messages generated by most connections dramatically.

If further customization is needed, the Database Messages section has information on overriding the default action taken with database messages.

## Strange TypeError using load_rows() or load_chunks()

When a prepared statement is directly executed using `__call__()`, it can easily validate that the appropriate number of parameters are given to the function. When `load_rows()` or `load_chunks()` is used, any tuple in the the entire sequence can cause this TypeError during the loading process:

    TypeError: inconsistent items, N processors and M items in row

This exception is raised by a generic processing routine whose functionality is abstract in nature, so the message is abstract as well. It essentially means that a tuple in the sequence given to the loading method had too many or too few items.

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