import cPickle
import cStringIO
import codecs
import collections
import contextlib
import copy
import csv
import fnmatch
import hashlib
import inspect
import locale
import os
import re
import sys
import time
import warnings

import dill
import numpy as np
import pyopenms

from .range_set import RangeSet

from .expressions import (BaseExpression, ColumnExpression, Value, _basic_num_types,
                          common_type_for, is_numpy_number_type,
                          Lookup)

from .base_classes import MutableTable

from . import tools

from hdf5.object_store import ObjectProxy

from .ms_types import PeakMap, PeakMapProxy

from .symlink import symlink


def try_to_move(from_, to):

    if os.path.exists(to):
        os.remove(to)

    try:
        os.rename(from_, to)
    except EnvironmentError:
        # on win the rename might fail because another process (eg virus scanner)
        # is reading the file, so we just create a "cheap" link instead:
        symlink(from_, to)

@contextlib.contextmanager
def atomic_open_for_write(path, flags):

    temp_path = path + ".incomplete"
    fh = open(temp_path, flags)
    try:
        yield fh
    finally:
        fh.flush()
        os.fsync(fh.fileno())
        fh.close()
    if os.path.exists(path):
        os.remove(path)

    try_to_move(temp_path, path)


def relative_path(from_, to):
    def split(p):
        result = []
        while p.lstrip("/"):
            p, x = os.path.split(p)
            result.insert(0, x)
        return result

    fi = split(os.path.abspath(from_))
    ti = split(os.path.abspath(to))
    i = 0
    for i, (fii, tii) in enumerate(zip(fi, ti)):
        if fii == tii:
            continue
        break

    missing = len(fi) - i
    steps = [".."] * missing + ti[i:]
    return os.path.join(*steps)


def warn(message):
    warnings.warn(message, UserWarning, stacklevel=3)


class CallBack(object):

    def __init__(self, label, callback):
        self.label = label
        self.callback = callback

    def __str__(self):
        return self.label


def create_row_class(table):

    class Row(object):

        # we store this mapping in the class, not in the instance, this
        # saves memory for huge tables:

        _dict = dict(zip(table._colNames, range(len(table._colNames))))

        def __init__(self, values):
            # as we override __setattr__ below we have to set the following attributes
            # using self.__dict__:
            self.__dict__["_data"] = values
            self.__dict__["_dict"] = Row._dict

        def __getitem__(self, ix):
            if isinstance(ix, (int, slice)):
                return self._data[ix]
            else:
                return self._data[Row._dict[ix]]

        def __getattr__(self, name):
            if name in Row._dict.keys():
                return self._data[Row._dict[name]]
            raise NameError("attribute %s not known" % name)

        def __len__(self):
            return len(self._data)

        def keys(self):
            return Row._dict.keys()

        def values(self):
            return self._data

        def items(self):
            return zip(Row._dict.keys(), self._data)

        def __iter__(self):
            return iter(self._data)

        def __str__(self):
            return str(self._data)

        def __setitem__(self, ix, value):
            if self._data[ix] != value:
                self._data[ix] = value
                table._resetUniqueId()

        def __setattr__(self, name, value):
            if name in Row._dict:
                self.__setitem__(Row._dict[name], value)

    return Row


standardFormats = {int: "%d", long: "%d", float: "%.2f",
                   str: "%s", unicode: "%s", CallBack: "%s"}

fms = "'%.2fm' % (o/60.0)"  # format seconds to floating point minutes

formatSeconds = fms

formatHexId = "'%x' % id(o)"


def guessFormatFor(name, type_):
    if type_ in (float, int):
        if name.startswith("m"):
            return "%.5f"
        if name.startswith("rt"):
            return fms
    return standardFormats.get(type_, "%s")


def computekey(o):
    if isinstance(o, np.number):
        o = o.tolist()   # converts singel number to python equivalent !
    if type(o) in (int, float, str, unicode, bool, long):
        return o
    if type(o) == dict:
        return computekey(sorted(o.items()))
    if type(o) in (list, tuple):
        return tuple(computekey(oi) for oi in o)
    return id(o)


def getPostfix(colName):
    if colName.startswith("__"):
        return None

    fields = colName.split("__")

    if len(fields) > 2:
        raise Exception("invalid colName %s" % colName)
    if len(fields) == 1:
        return ""
    return "__" + fields[1]


def convert_list_to_overall_type(li):
    ct = common_type_for(li)
    if ct in (int, float, long, bool, str, unicode):
        return [None if x is None else ct(x) for x in li]
    return li


def is_minute_value(s):
    if isinstance(s, basestring) and s.endswith("m"):
        try:
            float(s[:-1])
        except ValueError:
            return False
        else:
            return True
    return False


def convert_minute_value(s):
    return float(s[:-1]) * 60.0


def cleanup_values(rows):
    for row in rows:
        for i, value in enumerate(row):
            if isinstance(value, basestring):
                if is_minute_value(value):
                    value = convert_minute_value(value)
                    row[i] = value


class Bunch(dict):
    __getattr__ = dict.__getitem__


class _CmdLineProgress(object):

    def __init__(self, imax, step=10):
        self.imax = imax
        self.step = step
        self.last = 0

    def progress(self, i):
        percent = int(100.0 * (i + 1) / self.imax)
        if percent >= self.last + self.step:
            print percent,
            sys.stdout.flush()
            self.last = percent

    def finish(self):
        print
        sys.stdout.flush()


def bestConvert(val):
    assert isinstance(val, str)
    try:
        return int(val)
    except ValueError:
        try:
            return float(val)
        except ValueError:
            try:
                return float(val.replace(",", "."))  # probs with comma
            except ValueError:
                return str(val)


def _formatter(f):
    """ helper, is top level for supporting pickling of Table """

    if f is None:
        def noneformat(s):
            return None
        return noneformat
    elif f.startswith("%"):
        def interpolationformat(s, f=f):
            try:
                return "-" if s is None else f % (s,)
            except Exception:
                return ""
        return interpolationformat
    else:
        def evalformat(s, f=f):
            return "-" if s is None else eval(f, globals(), dict(o=s))
        return evalformat


class Table(MutableTable):

    """
    A table holds rows of the same length. Each Column of the table has
    a *name*, a *type* and *format* information, which indicates how to render
    values in this column.
    Further a table has a title and meta information which is a dictionary.

    column types can be any python type.

    format can be:

    - a string interpolation string, e.g. "%.2f"
    - ``None``, which suppresses rendering of this column
    - python code which renders an object of name ``o``, e.g.
      ``str(o)+"x"``

    """

    _latest_internal_update_with_version = (2, 7, 5)

    _to_pickle = ("_colNames",
                  "_colTypes",
                  "_colFormats",
                  "title",
                  "meta",
                  "rows")

    def __init__(self, colNames, colTypes, colFormats, rows=None, title=None,
                 meta=None):

        assert all("__" not in name for name in colNames),\
            "illegal column name(s), double underscores not allowed"
        self._setup_without_namecheck(
            colNames, colTypes, colFormats, rows, title, meta)

    @classmethod
    def _create(clz, colNames, colTypes, colFormats, rows=None, title=None, meta=None):
        inst = clz.__new__(Table)
        inst._setup_without_namecheck(colNames, colTypes, colFormats,
                                      rows, title, meta)
        return inst

    def _setup_without_namecheck(self, colNames, colTypes, colFormats,
                                 rows=None, title=None, meta=None):

        if len(colNames) != len(set(colNames)):
            counts = collections.Counter(colNames)
            multiples = [name for (name, count) in counts.items() if count > 1]
            message = "multiple columns: " + ", ".join(multiples)
            raise Exception(message)

        assert len(colNames) == len(colTypes), (colNames, colTypes)
        assert len(colNames) == len(colFormats), (colNames, colFormats)
        if rows is not None:
            for row in rows:
                assert len(row) == len(colNames)
        else:
            rows = []

        if not all(isinstance(row, list) for row in rows):
            raise Exception("not all rows are lists !")

        self._colNames = list(colNames)
        self._colTypes = list(colTypes)

        if any(is_numpy_number_type(t) for t in colTypes if t is not None):
            raise Exception("using numpy floats instead of python floats is not a good idea. "
                            "Table operations may crash")

        self._colFormats = [None if f == "" else f for f in colFormats]

        self.rows = rows
        self.title = title
        self.meta = copy.copy(meta) if meta is not None else dict()

        self.primaryIndex = {}
        self._name = repr(self)

        self.editableColumns = set()

        # as we provide  access to columns via __getattr__, colNames must
        # not be in objects __dict__ and must not be name of member
        # functions:

        warnings.simplefilter("ignore", UserWarning)
        memberNames = [name for name, obj in inspect.getmembers(self)]
        warnings.simplefilter("always", UserWarning)

        for name in colNames:
            if name in self.__dict__ or name in memberNames:
                raise Exception("colName '%s' not allowed" % name)

        self.resetInternals()

    def __repr__(self):
        n = len(self)
        return "<Table at %#x '%s' with %d row%s>" % (id(self), self.title or "", n, "" if n == 1 else "s")

    def __str__(self):
        fp = cStringIO.StringIO()
        self.print_(out=fp, max_lines=25)
        return fp.getvalue()

    def getColNames(self):
        """ returns a copied list of column names, one can operator on this
            list without corrupting the underlying table
        """
        return self._colNames[:]

    def getColTypes(self):
        """ returns a copied list of column names, one can operator on this
            list without corrupting the underlying table
        """
        return self._colTypes[:]

    def getColType(self, name):
        """ returns type of column ``name`` """
        return self._colTypes[self.getIndex(name)]

    def setTitle(self, title):
        self.title = title

    def setColType(self, name, type_):
        """
        sets type of column ``name`` to type ``type_``.
        """
        self._colTypes[self.getIndex(name)] = type_
        self.resetInternals()

    def getColFormats(self):
        """ returns a copied list of column formats, one can operator on this
            list without corrupting the underlying table.
        """
        return self._colFormats[:]

    def getColFormat(self, name):
        """ returns format of column ``name`` """
        return self._colFormats[self.getIndex(name)]

    def setColFormat(self, name, format_):
        """
        sets format of column ``name`` to type ``format_``.
        """
        self._colFormats[self.getIndex(name)] = format_
        self.resetInternals()

    def info(self):
        """
        prints some table information and some table statistics
        """

        import emzed.utils

        def extract_type(col_name):
            type_ = self.getColType(col_name)
            match = re.match("<(type|class) '(.+)'>", str(type_))
            if match is not None:
                type_str = match.group(2).split(".")[-1]
            else:
                type_str = str(type_)
            return type_str

        def extract_format(col_name):
            return self.getColFormat(col_name)

        def count_diff_values(col_name):
            return len(set(map(id, self.getColumn(col_name))))

        def count_nones(col_name):
            return sum(1 for v in self.getColumn(col_name) if v is None)

        table = emzed.utils.toTable("name", self._colNames, type_=str)
        table.addEnumeration()
        table.addColumn("type", table.name.apply(extract_type), type_=str)
        table.addColumn("format", table.name.apply(extract_format), type_=str, format_="%r")
        table.addColumn("diff values", table.name.apply(count_diff_values), type_=int)
        table.addColumn("nones", table.name.apply(count_nones), type_=int)

        print
        table.print_(max_lines=None)

    def addRow(self, row, doResetInternals=True):
        """ adds a new row to the table, checks if values in row are of
            expected type or can be converted to this type.

            Raises an ``AssertException`` if the length of ``row`` does not
            match to the numbers of columns of the table.
            """
        try:
            self.rows.append([])
            # includes checks which might throw exceptions:
            self.setRow(len(self) - 1, row)
        except Exception:
            self.rows.pop()
            raise

    def addPostfix(self, postfix):
        if "__" in postfix:
            raise Exception("double score in postfix not allowed")
        self._addPostfix(postfix)

    def _addPostfix(self, postfix):
        self._colNames = [c + postfix for c in self._colNames]
        self.resetInternals()

    def isEditable(self, colName):
        return colName in self.editableColumns

    def _updateIndices(self):
        self.colIndizes = dict((n, i) for i, n in enumerate(self._colNames))

    def getVisibleCols(self):
        """ returns a list with the names of the columns which are
            visible. that is: the corresponding format is not None """
        return [n for (n, f) in zip(self._colNames, self._colFormats)
                if f is not None]

    def getFormat(self, colName):
        """ returns for format for the given column ``colName`` """
        return self._colFormats[self.getIndex(colName)]

    def getType(self, colName):
        """ returns for format for the given column ``colName`` """
        return self._colTypes[self.getIndex(colName)]

    def _setupFormatters(self):
        self.colFormatters = [_formatter(f) for f in self._colFormats]

    def getColumn(self, name):
        """ returns ColumnExpression object for column ``name``.
            to get the values of the column you can use
            ``table.getColumn("index").values``.

            See: :py:class:`~emzed.core.data_types.expressions.ColumnExpression`
        """
        return getattr(self, name)

    def _removeColumnAttributes(self):
        for name in self.__dict__.keys():
            if isinstance(getattr(self, name), ColumnExpression):
                delattr(self, name)

    def _setupColumnAttributes(self):
        self._removeColumnAttributes()
        for name in self._colNames:
            ix = self.getIndex(name)
            col = ColumnExpression(self, name, ix, self._colTypes[ix])
            setattr(self, name, col)

    def numCols(self):
        return len(self._colNames)

    def numRows(self):
        """
        returns the number of rows
        """
        return len(self.rows)

    def __getitem__(self, ix):
        """
        supports creating a new table from a subset of current rows using brackets notation.

        Example::

                t = emzed.utils.toTable("a", [1, 2, 3])
                t[0].a.values == [1]
                t[:1].a.values == [1]
                t[1:].a.values == [2, 3]
                t[:].a.values == [1, 2, 3]
                t[::-1].a.values == [3, 2, 1]

                # now:
                t[:] == t.copy()

                # revert
                t_reverted = t[::-1]

        For selection rows *irow* max be a list or numpy array of booleans or integers::

                t[[True, False, False]] == t[0]
                t[[0, 1]] == t[:2]
                t[numpy.arange(0, 2)] == t[:2]

        Selection of columns is supported as well, so expressions like ``t[:, 1:2]``,
        ``t[:, [0, 1]]`` work as expected.

        """
        irow = None
        icol = None
        if isinstance(ix, tuple):
            if len(ix) == 1:
                irow, icol = ix[0], None
            elif len(ix) == 2:
                irow, icol = ix
            else:
                raise Exception("can not handle argument %r" % ix)
        else:
            irow = ix

        def wraparound(i, n):
            return i + n if i < 0 else i

        def _setup(ix, n):
            if ix is not None:
                if isinstance(ix, np.ndarray):
                    ix = ix.tolist()
                if isinstance(ix, slice):
                    start = ix.start if ix.start is not None else 0
                    end = ix.stop if ix.stop is not None else n
                    stepsize = ix.step if ix.step is not None else 1

                    # handle negative indices:
                    start = wraparound(start, n)
                    end = wraparound(end, n)

                    if stepsize < 0:
                        start, end = end - 1, start - 1

                    # capture "out of bounds" indexing:
                    start = min(start, n)
                    end = min(end, n)

                    ix = range(start, end, stepsize)
                elif isinstance(ix, (int, long)):
                    ix = [ix]
                elif isinstance(ix, list) and all(isinstance(vi, bool) for vi in ix):
                    ix = [i for (i, v) in enumerate(ix) if v]
            else:
                ix = range(0, n)
            return ix

        nrows, ncols = self.shape

        icol = _setup(icol, ncols)
        irow = _setup(irow, nrows)

        def select(li, ix, n, mode):
            if ix is None:
                return li[:]
            for i in ix:
                imod = wraparound(i, n)
                if not 0 <= imod < n:
                    raise IndexError(
                        "you tried to access %s with out of bounds index %d" % (mode, i))
            return [li[i] for i in ix]

        prototype = self.buildEmptyClone(icol)
        for row in select(self.rows, irow, nrows, "row"):
            prototype.rows.append(select(row, icol, ncols, "column"))
        prototype.resetInternals()
        return prototype

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, Table):
            return False
        return self._colNames == other._colNames and \
            len(self) == len(other) and \
            self._colTypes == other._colTypes and \
            self._colFormats == other._colFormats and \
            self.rows == other.rows

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not (self == other)

    def overwrite(self, other):
        Table._check_if_compatible((self, other))
        self.rows = other.rows[:]
        self.resetInternals()

    def __getstate__(self):
        """ **for internal use**: filters some attributes for pickling. """
        dd = self.__dict__.copy()
        # self.colFormatters can not be pickled
        del dd["colFormatters"]
        for name in self._colNames:
            del dd[name]
        return dd

    def __setstate__(self, dd):
        """ **for internal use**: builds table from pickled data."""
        # attribute conversion for loading tables of older emzed versions
        # which hat attributes colNames, colFormats and colTypes, which are
        # now properties to access _colNames, _colFormats and _colTypes.
        old_attribs = ["colNames", "colTypes", "colFormats"]
        if any(a in dd for a in old_attribs):
            if all(a in dd for a in old_attribs):
                for a in old_attribs:
                    dd["_" + a] = dd[a]
                    del dd[a]
            else:
                raise Exception("can not unpickle table, internal mismatch")

        self.__dict__ = dd
        self.resetInternals()

    def hasColumn(self, name):
        """ checks if column with given name ``name`` exists """
        return name in self._colNames

    def hasColumns(self, *names):
        """ checks if columns with given names exist.

            Example: ``tab.hasColumn("rt", "rtmin", "rtmax")``
        """
        return all(self.hasColumn(n) for n in names)

    def ensureColNames(self, *names):
        """ convenient function to assert existence of column names
        """

        def flatten(args):
            result = list()
            for arg in args:
                if isinstance(arg, (tuple, list, set)):
                    result.extend(arg)
                else:
                    result.append(arg)
            return result

        names = flatten(names)
        missing = set()
        found = set()
        for name in names:
            if name not in self._colNames:
                missing.add(name)
            else:
                found.add(name)
        if missing:
            tobe = ", ".join(sorted(set(names)))
            found = ", ".join(sorted(found))
            missing = ", ".join(sorted(missing))
            if tobe != missing:
                msg = "expected names %s, found %s but %s where missing" % (
                    tobe, found, missing)
            else:
                msg = "expected names %s but found %s" % (tobe, found)

            raise Exception(msg)

    def requireColumn(self, name):
        """ throws exception if column with name ``name`` does not exist

            this method only exists for compatibility with older emzed code.
        """
        self.ensureColNames(name)

    def getIndex(self, colName):
        """ gets the integer index of the column ``colName``.

            Example: ``table.rows[0][table.getIndex("mz")]``
            """
        idx = self.colIndizes.get(colName, None)
        if idx is None:
            raise Exception("column with name %r not in table" % colName)
        return idx

    def setCellValue(self, row_indices, col_indices, values):
        """
        row_indices is either a list of ints or a single int

        col_indices is either a list of ints or a single int

        values is either a single value or a list of lists where the lenghts must match
        the given indices.
        """
        for ri, ci, value in self._resolve_write_operations(row_indices, col_indices, values):
            assert 0 <= ri < len(self), "row_index %d out of range 0...%d" % (ri, len(self) - 1)
            assert 0 <= ci < len(self._colNames), "col_index %d out of range 0..%d" % (
                ci, len(self._colNames) - 1)
            self.rows[ri][ci] = value
        self.resetInternals()

    def setColumnValues(self, col_index, value):
        self.setCellValue(range(len(self)), col_index, value)

    def _resolve_write_operations(self, row_indices, col_indices, values):
        if isinstance(row_indices, (int, float)):
            row_indices = [row_indices]

        if not isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
            values = [values] * len(row_indices)
        assert len(values) == len(row_indices)

        if isinstance(col_indices, (int, float)):
            col_indices = [col_indices]

        if not isinstance(values[0], (list, tuple)):
            values = [[v] for v in values]

        for i, ri in enumerate(row_indices):
            for j, ci in enumerate(col_indices):
                col_type = self._colTypes[ci]
                value = values[i][j]
                if value is not None:
                    if type(value) in [np.float32, np.float64]:
                        value = float(value)
                    elif col_type is not object:
                        try:
                            value = col_type(value)
                        except ValueError:
                            raise ValueError("can not convert %r to %s" % (value, col_type))
                yield ri, ci, value

    def setValue(self, row, colName, value, slow_but_checked=True):
        """ sets ``value`` of column ``colName`` in a given ``row``.

            Example: ``table.setValue(table.rows[0], "mz", 252.83332)``
        """
        if slow_but_checked:
            assert id(row) in map(id, self.rows)
        ix = self.getIndex(colName)
        if type(value) in [np.float32, np.float64]:
            value = float(value)
        row[ix] = value
        self.resetInternals()

    def __iter__(self):
        """allows iteration over the rows of a table.

        For example::

                for row in table:
                    print row.mz, row["rt"]
                    row.rt = 1.0
                    row["mz"] *= 1.01
        """

        Row = create_row_class(self)
        for row in self.rows:
            yield Row(row)

    def getValues(self, row):
        """
            if ``colName`` is not provided, one gets the content of
            the ``row`` as an enhanced dictionary mapping column names to values.

            Example::

                row = table.getValues(table.rows[0])
                print row["mz"]
                print row.mz
        """
        return Bunch((n, self.getValue(row, n)) for n in self._colNames)

    def getValue(self, row, colName, default=None):
        """ returns value of column ``colName`` in a given ``row``

            Example: ``table.getValue(table.rows[0], "mz")``
        """
        if colName not in self._colNames:
            return default
        value = row[self.getIndex(colName)]
        if isinstance(value, ObjectProxy):
            value = value.load()
        return value

    def setRow(self, idx, row):
        """ replaces row ``idx`` with ``row``.
            be carefull we only check the length not the types !
        """
        assert 0 <= idx < len(self)
        assert len(row) == len(
            self._colNames), "row as wrong length %d" % len(row)

        # check for conversion !
        for i, (v, t) in enumerate(zip(row, self._colTypes)):
            if v is not None and t in (int, float, long, str, bool, unicode):
                row[i] = t(v)
            else:
                row[i] = v
        self.rows[idx] = row
        self.resetInternals()

    def _getColumnCtx(self, needed):
        names = [n for (t, n) in needed if t == self]
        return dict((n, (self.getColumn(n).values,
                         self.primaryIndex.get(n),
                         self.getColumn(n).type_)) for n in names)

    def enumerateBy(self, *column_names):
        """returns a list of numbers for enumerating the rows grouped by the given column
        names

        For example: If we have a table `t` with entries::

            v1    v2
            str   int
            ----- -----
            a      3
            a      3
            b      3
            b      7

        Then the following statements are true::

            t.enumerateBy("v1") == [0, 0, 1, 1]
            t.enumerateBy("v2") == [0, 0, 0, 1]
            t.enumerateBy("v1", "v2") == [0, 0, 1, 2]

        This can be used as::

            t.addColumn("v1_v2_id", t.enumerateBy("v1", "v2"), insertBefore=0)

        which yields::

            v1_v2_id  v1    v2
            int       str   int
            --------  ----- -----
            0         a      3
            0         a      3
            1         b      3
            2         b      7
        """
        if not column_names:
            return range(len(self))

        idxs = [self.colIndizes[name] for name in column_names]
        enumeration = dict()
        i = 0
        for row in self.rows:
            key = tuple(row[i] for i in idxs)
            if key not in enumeration:
                enumeration[key] = i
                i += 1

        values = []
        for row in self.rows:
            key = tuple(row[i] for i in idxs)
            values.append(enumeration.get(key))
        return values

    def addEnumeration(self, colName="id", insertBefore=None, insertAfter=None, startWith=0):
        """ adds enumerated column as first column to table **in place**.

            if ``colName`` is not given the default name is *"id"*

            Enumeration starts with zero.
        """
        if colName in self._colNames:
            raise Exception("column with name %r already exists" % colName)
        col_idx = self._find_insert_column(insertBefore, insertAfter, 0)

        values = [v + startWith for v in self.enumerateBy()]
        self._addColumFromIterable(
            colName, values, int, "%d", insertBefore=col_idx, insertAfter=None)

    def sortBy(self, colNames, ascending=True):
        perm = self.sortPermutation(colNames, ascending)
        self._applyRowPermutation(perm)

        if ascending:
            self.primaryIndex = {colNames[0]: True}
        else:
            self.primaryIndex = {}
        return perm

    def sortPermutation(self, colNames, ascending=True):
        """
        sorts table in respect of column named *colName* **in place**.
        *ascending* is boolean and tells if the values are sorted
        in ascending order or descending.

        This is important to build an internal index for faster queries
        with ``Table.filter``, ``Table.leftJoin`` and ``Table.join``.

        For building an internal index, ascending must be *True*, you
        can have only one index per table.
        """
        if isinstance(colNames, basestring):
            colNames = [colNames]

        if ascending in (True, False):
            ascending = [ascending] * len(colNames)

        assert len(colNames) == len(ascending)

        if not len(self):
            return []   # empty permutation

        idxs = [self.colIndizes[name] for name in colNames]

        def compare(item1, item2):
            __, row1 = item1
            __, row2 = item2
            for i, ai in zip(idxs, ascending):
                v1 = row1[i]
                v2 = row2[i]
                if v1 != v2:
                    if ai:
                        return -1 if v1 < v2 else +1
                    else:
                        return -1 if v1 > v2 else +1
            return 0

        decorated = list(enumerate(self.rows))
        decorated.sort(cmp=compare)
        perm, __ = zip(*decorated)
        return perm

    def findMatchingRows(self, filters):
        """accepts list of column names and functions operating on those columns,
        returns the indices of the remaining columns

        Example::

            t.findMatchingRows(("mz", lambda mz: 100 <= mz <= 200),
                               ("rt", lambda rt: 200 <= rt <= 1000))

            computes the row indices of all rows where mz and rt are in the given
            ranges.
        """

        indices_of_fitting_rows = RangeSet(0, len(self))

        for name, filter_function in filters:

            if filter_function is None:
                continue

            col_values = self.getColumn(name).values
            rows_to_remain = set()
            for j, v in enumerate(col_values):
                if v is not None:
                    match = filter_function(v)
                    if match:
                        rows_to_remain.add(j)
            indices_of_fitting_rows = indices_of_fitting_rows.intersection(rows_to_remain)

        return indices_of_fitting_rows

    def _applyRowPermutation(self, permutation):
        self.rows = [self.rows[pi] for pi in permutation]
        self.resetInternals()

    def copy(self):
        """ returns a 'semi-deep' copy of the table """
        # we are lucky that we implemented __getitem__:
        return self[:]

    def extractColumns(self, *names):
        """extracts the given column names ``names`` and returns a new
           table with these columns

           Example: ``t.extractColumns("id", "name"))``
           """
        assert len(set(names)) == len(names), "duplicate column name"
        indices = [self.getIndex(name) for name in names]
        types = [self._colTypes[i] for i in indices]
        formats = [self._colFormats[i] for i in indices]
        rows = [[row[i] for i in indices] for row in self.rows]
        return Table._create(names, types, formats, rows, self.title, self.meta.copy())

    def _renameColumnsUnchecked(self, *dicts, **keyword_args):
        for d in dicts:
            keyword_args.update(d)
        # inplace update, self might be a Tproxy, if we re assign self._colNames things get out of
        # sync:
        self._colNames[:] = [keyword_args.get(n, n) for n in self._colNames]
        self.resetInternals()

    def renameColumn(self, old_name, new_name):
        self.renameColumns({old_name: new_name})

    def renameColumns(self, *dicts, **keyword_args):
        """renames columns **in place**.

           So if you want to rename "mz_1" to "mz" and "rt_1"
           to "rt", ``table.renameColumns(mz_1=mz, rt_1=rt)``

           For memorization read the ``=`` as ``->``.

           Sometimes it is helpful to build dictionaries which describe the
           renaming. In this case you can pass an arbitrary number of
           dictionaries, and even additional keywword arguments (if you want)
           to this method.

           Example::

               table.renameColumns(dict(a="b", c="d"))
               table.renameColumns(dict(a="b"), dict(c="d"))
               table.renameColumns(dict(a="b"), c="d"))

        """

        assert all(isinstance(d, dict) for d in dicts), "expect dicts"

        def check_old_names(d, old_names):
            for old_name in d.keys():
                if old_name in old_names:
                    raise Exception("name overlap in column names to rename")
                if old_name not in self._colNames:
                    raise Exception("column %r does not exist" % old_name)
                old_names.add(old_name)
            return old_names

        old_names = check_old_names(keyword_args, set())
        for d in dicts:
            old_names = check_old_names(d, old_names)

        def check_new_names(d, new_names):
            for new_name in d.values():
                if new_name in new_names:
                    raise Exception("name overlap in new column names")
                if new_name in self._colNames:
                    raise Exception("column %s already exists" % new_name)
                if "__" in new_name:
                    raise Exception("double underscore in %r not allowed" %
                                    new_name)
                new_names.add(new_name)
            return new_names

        new_names = check_new_names(keyword_args, set())
        for d in dicts:
            new_names = check_new_names(d, new_names)

        self._renameColumnsUnchecked(*dicts, **keyword_args)

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.rows)

    def storeCSV(self, path, as_printed=True, row_indices=None):
        """writes the table in .csv format. The ``path`` has to end with
           '.csv'.

           As .csv is a text format all binary information is lost !
        """
        if not os.path.splitext(path)[1].upper() == ".CSV":
            raise Exception("%s has wrong file type extension" % path)

        if row_indices is None:
            row_indices = xrange(len(self))

        with open(path, "wb") as fp:   # binary is needed for correct line endings on win
            writer = csv.writer(fp, delimiter=";")
            if as_printed:
                colNames = self.getVisibleCols()
                formatters = [_formatter(self.getColFormat(n)) for n in colNames]
            else:
                colNames = self._colNames
                noop = lambda x: x
                formatters = [noop for n in colNames]
            writer.writerow(colNames)
            for row_index in row_indices:
                row = self.rows[row_index]
                data = [f(self.getValue(row, v))
                        for (f, v) in zip(formatters, colNames)]
                writer.writerow(data)

    def store(self, path, forceOverwrite=False, compressed=True, peakmap_cache_folder=None):
        """Writes the table in binary format. All information, as corresponding peak maps too.

        The file name extension in ``path``must be ``.table``.

        ``forceOverwrite`` must be set to ``True`` to overwrite an existing file.

        ``compressed`` replaces duplicate copies of the same peakmap of a single one to save
        space on disk.

        ``peakmap_cache_folder`` is a folder. if provided the table data and the peakmap
        are stored separtely. so the table file can then be loaded much faster and the peakmaps are
        lazily loaded only if one tries to access their spectra. This speeds up workflows but the
        developer must care about consistency: if the peakmap folder is deleted the table may
        becom useless !

        Latter the file can be loaded with :py:meth:`~.load`
        """
        if not forceOverwrite and os.path.exists(path):
            raise Exception(
                "%s exists. You may use forceOverwrite=True" % path)
        if compressed:
            self.compressPeakMaps()

        # if peakmap_cache_folder is "." we introduce relative pathes in the proxies,
        # store the table with these entries and than correct the proxies after storing
        # so that the pathes are absolute.
        # when loading the table later we do this correction again

        if peakmap_cache_folder is not None:
            self._introduce_proxies(peakmap_cache_folder, path)

        with atomic_open_for_write(path, "w+b") as fp:
            fp.write("emzed_version=%s.%s.%s\n" %
                     self._latest_internal_update_with_version)
            data = tuple(getattr(self, a) for a in Table._to_pickle)
            dill.dump(data, fp)

        if peakmap_cache_folder is not None and peakmap_cache_folder.startswith("."):
            self._correct_proxies(path)

    @staticmethod
    def _load_strict(pickle_data, v_number):
        try:
            if v_number >= (2, 7, 5):
                data = dill.loads(pickle_data)
            else:
                data = cPickle.loads(pickle_data)
        except Exception, e:
            raise Exception("file has invalid format: %s" % e)

        if not isinstance(data, (list, tuple)):
            raise Exception("data item from file is not list or tuple")
        if len(data) != len(Table._to_pickle):
            raise Exception("number of data items from file does not match Table._to_pickle")
        tab = Table([], [], [], [], None, None)
        for name, item in zip(Table._to_pickle, data):
            setattr(tab, name, item)
        tab.resetInternals()
        return tab

    @staticmethod
    def _try_to_load_old_version(pickle_data):
        import sys
        from . import table, ms_types
        sys.modules["libms.DataStructures.Table"] = table
        sys.modules["libms.DataStructures.MSTypes"] = ms_types
        try:
            tab = cPickle.loads(pickle_data)
        finally:
            del sys.modules["libms.DataStructures.Table"]
            del sys.modules["libms.DataStructures.MSTypes"]
        return tab

    def transformColumnNames(self, transformation):
        """transformation is a function mapping a string to a string.
        this is used to modify the column names of the given table in-place.
        """
        new_names = [transformation(name) for name in self._colNames]
        count_names = collections.Counter(new_names)
        conflicts = []
        for name, count in count_names.items():
            if count > 1:
                conflicts.append(name)
        if conflicts:
            conflicts = ", ".join(conflicts)
            msg = "this renaming would produce conflicts as it generates new names %s" % conflicts
            raise Exception(msg)
        # inplace update, self might be a Tproxy, if we re assign self._colNames things get out of
        # sync:
        self._colNames[:] = new_names
        self.resetInternals()

    @staticmethod
    def load(path):
        """loads a table stored with :py:meth:`~.store`

           **Note**: as this is a static method, it has to be called as
           ``tab = Table.load("xzy.table")``
        """
        with open(path, "rb") as fp:
            data = fp.read()
            version_str, __, pickle_data = data.partition("\n")
            if not version_str.startswith("emzed_version="):
                try:
                    return Table._try_to_load_old_version(pickle_data)
                except Exception:
                    return Table._try_to_load_old_version(data)
            v_number_str = version_str[14:]
            v_number = tuple(map(int, v_number_str.split(".")))
            try:
                tab = Table._load_strict(pickle_data, v_number)
                if v_number >= (2, 7, 5):
                    tab._correct_proxies(path)
                tab.version = v_number
                tab.meta["loaded_from"] = os.path.abspath(path)
                return tab
            except Exception:
                return Table._try_to_load_old_version(pickle_data)

    def buildEmptyClone(self, cols=None):
        """ returns empty table with same names, types, formatters,
            title and meta data """
        def select(li):
            return li[:] if cols is None else [li[i] for i in cols]
        names = select(self._colNames)
        types = select(self._colTypes)
        formats = select(self._colFormats)

        return Table._create(names, types, formats, [], self.title, self.meta.copy())

    def dropColumns(self, *patterns):
        """ removes columns where name matches on of given ``patterns`` from the table.
            wildcards as "?" and "*" are allowed.

            Works **in place**

            Example: ``tab.dropColumns("mz", "rt", "rmse", "*__0")``
        """
        # check all names before manipulating the table,
        # so this operation is atomic
        names = set()
        for pattern in patterns:
            # is pattern realy a pattern ?
            # if it is a pattern set of matching column names maybe empty:
            if "*" in pattern or "?" in pattern or ("[" in pattern and "]" in pattern):
                for name in self._colNames:
                    if fnmatch.fnmatch(name, pattern):
                        names.add(name)
            else:
                # else: pattern is a name and MUST match what we check below
                names.add(pattern)

        self.ensureColNames(*names)
        for name in names:
            delattr(self, name)

        indices = [self.getIndex(n) for n in names]
        indices.sort()
        for ix in reversed(indices):
            del self._colNames[ix]
            del self._colFormats[ix]
            del self._colTypes[ix]
            for row in self.rows:
                del row[ix]
        if len(self._colNames) == 0:
            # in this case we have here len(table) empty lists as rows, so we empty the tabl
            # totally:
            self.rows = []
        self.resetInternals()

    def splitBy(self, *colNames, **kw):
        """
        generates a list of subtables, where the columns given by ``colNames``
        are unique.

        If we have a table ``t1`` as

        === === ===
        a   b   c
        === === ===
        1   1   1
        1   1   2
        2   1   3
        2   2   4
        === === ===

        ``res = t1.splitBy("a")`` results in a table ``res[0]`` as

        === === ===
        a   b   c
        === === ===
        1   1   1
        1   1   2
        === === ===

        ``res[1]`` which is like

        === === ===
        a   b   c
        === === ===
        2   1   3
        === === ===

        and ``res[2]`` which is

        === === ===
        a   b   c
        === === ===
        2   2   4
        === === ===


        """
        self.ensureColNames(colNames)

        if kw.get("efficient", False):
            indices = [self.getIndex(n) for n in colNames]
            sub_rows = collections.OrderedDict()
            for row in self.rows:
                key = tuple((row[i] for i in indices))
                if key not in sub_rows:
                    sub_rows[key] = []
                sub_rows[key].append(row)
            sub_tables = []
            for rows in sub_rows.values():
                t = TProxy(self, rows)
                t.resetInternals()
                sub_tables.append(t)
            return sub_tables

        groups = set()
        for row in self.rows:
            key = computekey([self.getValue(row, n) for n in colNames])
            groups.add(key)

        # preserve order of rows
        subTables = collections.OrderedDict()
        for row in self.rows:
            key = computekey([self.getValue(row, n) for n in colNames])
            if key not in subTables:
                subTables[key] = self.buildEmptyClone()
            subTables[key].rows.append(row[:])
        splitedTables = subTables.values()
        for table in splitedTables:
            table.resetInternals()
        return splitedTables

    def append(self, *tables):
        """
        appends ``tables`` horizontally to the existing table **in place**. Can be called as ::

              t1.append(t2, t3)
              t1.append([t2, t3])
              t1.append(t2, [t3, t4])

        the column names and the column types have to match !
        column format is taken from the original table.
        """
        alltables = []
        for table in tables:
            if type(table) in [list, tuple]:
                alltables.extend(table)
            elif isinstance(table, Table):
                alltables.append(table)
            else:
                raise Exception("can not join object %r" % table)

        names = set((tuple(t._colNames)) for t in alltables)
        names.add(tuple(self._colNames))
        if len(names) > 1:
            raise Exception("the column names do not match")

        types = set((tuple(t._colTypes)) for t in alltables)
        types.add(tuple(self._colTypes))
        if len(types) > 1:
            raise Exception("the column types do not match")

        for t in alltables:
            self.rows.extend(t.rows)
        self.resetInternals()

    def replaceSelectedRows(self, name, what, rowIndices):
        """replace values in given rowIndices and given column *name* with constant value *what*
        """
        if what is not None:
            type_ = self.getColType(name)
            if not isinstance(what, type_):
                raise ValueError("given value %r is not of type %s" % (what, type_))

        col_index = self.getIndex(name)
        for ri in rowIndices:
            self.rows[ri][col_index] = what
        self.resetInternals()

    def selectedRowValues(self, name, rowIndices):
        col_index = self.getIndex(name)
        return [self.rows[ri][col_index] for ri in rowIndices]

    def replaceColumn(self, name, what, type_=None, format_=""):
        """
        replaces column ``name`` **in place**.

        - ``name`` is name of the new column
        - ``*type_`` is one of the valid types described above.
          If ``type_ == None`` the method tries to guess the type from ``what``.
        - ``format_`` is a format string as "%d" or ``None`` or an executable
          string with python code.
          If you use ``format_=""`` the method will try to determine a
          default format for the type.

        For the values ``what`` you can use

        - an expression (see :py:class:`~emzed.core.data_types.expressions.Expression`)
          as ``table.addColumn("diffrt", table.rtmax-table.rtmin)``
        - a callback with signature ``callback(table, row, name)``
        - a constant value
        - a list with the correct length.

        """

        if type_ is None:
            warn(
                "you did not provide a type_ parameter, this might be dangerous !!!!")

        self.ensureColNames(name)
        # we do:
        #      add tempcol, then delete oldcol, then rename tempcol -> oldcol
        # this is easier to implement, has no code duplication, but maybe a
        # bit slower. but that does not matter at this point of time:
        self._addColumnWithoutNameCheck(name + "__tmp", what, type_, format_, insertBefore=name)
        self.dropColumns(name)
        self._renameColumnsUnchecked(**{name + "__tmp": name})

    def _updateColumnWithoutNameCheck(self, name, what, type_=None, format_="",
                                      insertBefore=None, insertAfter=None):
        """
        Replaces the column ``name`` if it exists. Else the column is added.

        For the parameters see :py:meth:`~.addColumn`
        """
        if self.hasColumn(name):
            self.replaceColumn(name, what, type_, format_)
        else:
            self._addColumnWithoutNameCheck(name, what, type_, format_,
                                            insertBefore, insertAfter)

    def updateColumn(self, name, what, type_=None, format_="",
                     insertBefore=None, insertAfter=None):
        if self.hasColumn(name):
            self.replaceColumn(name, what, type_, format_)
        else:
            self.addColumn(name, what, type_, format_, insertBefore, insertAfter)

    def addColumn(self, name, what, type_=None, format_="", insertBefore=None, insertAfter=None):
        """
        adds a column **in place**.

        For the meaning of the  parameters
        see :py:meth:`~.replaceColumn`

        If you do not want the column be added at the end, one can use
        ``insertBefore``, which maybe the name of an existing column, or an
        integer index (negative values allowed !).

        """
        if "__" in name:
            raise Exception("double underscore in %r not allowed" % name)

        if type_ is None:
            warn(
                "you did not provide a type_ parameter, this might be dangerous !!!!")

        self._addColumnWithoutNameCheck(
            name, what, type_, format_, insertBefore, insertAfter)

    def _addColumnWithoutNameCheck(self, name, what, type_=None, format_="",
                                   insertBefore=None, insertAfter=None):
        import types

        assert isinstance(name, (str, unicode)), "colum name is not a  string"

        if type_ is not None:
            assert isinstance(type_, type), "type_ param is not a type"

        if name in self._colNames:
            raise Exception("column with name %r already exists" % name)

        if isinstance(what, BaseExpression):
            return self._addColumnByExpression(name, what, type_, format_,
                                               insertBefore, insertAfter)
        if callable(what):
            return self._addColumnByCallback(name, what, type_, format_,
                                             insertBefore, insertAfter)

        if isinstance(what, (list, tuple, types.GeneratorType)):
            return self._addColumFromIterable(name, what, type_, format_,
                                              insertBefore, insertAfter)
        if isinstance(what, np.ndarray):
            if what.ndim == 1:
                return self._addColumFromIterable(name, what, type_, format_,
                                                  insertBefore, insertAfter)
            else:
                warn("you added %d numpy array as colum" % what.ndim)

        return self._addConstantColumnWithoutNameCheck(name, what, type_,
                                                       format_, insertBefore, insertAfter)

    def _addColumnByExpression(self, name, expr, type_, format_, insertBefore, insertAfter):
        values, _, type2_ = expr._eval(None)
        # TODO: automatic table check for numpy values via decorator ?
        # switchable !?
        if type2_ in _basic_num_types:
            values = values.tolist()
        return self._addColumn(name, values, type_ or type2_, format_, insertBefore, insertAfter)

    def _addColumnByCallback(self, name, callback, type_, format_, insertBefore, insertAfter):
        values = [callback(self, r, name) for r in self.rows]
        return self._addColumn(name, values, type_, format_, insertBefore, insertAfter)

    def _addColumFromIterable(self, name, iterable, type_, format_, insertBefore, insertAfter):
        values = list(iterable)
        return self._addColumn(name, values, type_, format_, insertBefore, insertAfter)

    def _find_insert_column(self, insertBefore, insertAfter, default=None):
        if insertBefore is None and insertAfter is None:
            if default is not None:
                return default
            return len(self._colNames)

        if insertBefore is not None and insertAfter is not None:
            raise Exception(
                "can not handle insertBefore and insertAfter at the same time")

        if insertBefore is not None:
            # colname -> index
            if isinstance(insertBefore, str):
                if insertBefore not in self._colNames:
                    raise Exception("column %r does not exist", insertBefore)
                return self.getIndex(insertBefore)
            return insertBefore

        # colname -> index
        if isinstance(insertAfter, str):
            if insertAfter not in self._colNames:
                raise Exception("column %r does not exist", insertAfter)
            return self.getIndex(insertAfter) + 1
        return insertAfter + 1

    def _addColumn(self, name, values, type_, format_, insertBefore, insertAfter):
        # works for lists, numbers, objects: converts inner numpy dtypes
        # to python types if present, else does nothing !!!!

        assert len(values) == len(self), "length of new column %d does not "\
                                         "fit number of rows %d in table" % (
                                             len(values), len(self))

        if type(values) == np.ma.core.MaskedArray:
            values = values.tolist()  # handles missing values as None !

        # type_ may be None, so guess:
        type_ = type_ or common_type_for(values)

        if format_ == "":
            format_ = guessFormatFor(name, type_)

        col_ = self._find_insert_column(insertBefore, insertAfter)
        if col_ < 0:
            col_ += len(self._colNames)
        self._colNames.insert(col_, name)
        self._colTypes.insert(col_, type_)
        self._colFormats.insert(col_, format_)
        for row, v in zip(self.rows, values):
            row.insert(col_, v)

        self.resetInternals()

    def addConstantColumn(self, name, value, type_=None, format_="",
                          insertBefore=None, insertAfter=None):
        """
        see :py:meth:`~.addColumn`.

        ``value`` is inserted in the column, despite its class. So the
        cases in py:meth:`~.addColumn` are not considered, which is useful,
        e.g. if you want to set all cells in a column to as ``list``.
        """
        if "__" in name:
            raise Exception("double underscore in %r not allowed" % name)
        self._addConstantColumnWithoutNameCheck(name, value, type_, format_,
                                                insertBefore, insertAfter)

    def _addConstantColumnWithoutNameCheck(self, name, value, type_=None,
                                           format_="", insertBefore=None, insertAfter=None):

        if type_ is not None:
            assert isinstance(type_, type), "type_ param is not a type"
        if name in self._colNames:
            raise Exception("column with name '%s' already exists" % name)
        return self._addColumn(name, [value] * len(self), type_, format_,
                               insertBefore, insertAfter)

    def resetInternals(self):
        """  **internal method**

        must be called after manipulation  of

        - self._colNames
        - self._colFormats

        or

        - self.rows
        """
        self._setupFormatters()
        self._updateIndices()
        self._setupColumnAttributes()
        self._resetUniqueId()

    @property
    def shape(self):
        return len(self), len(self._colNames)

    def uniqueRows(self, byColumns=None):
        """
        extracts table with unique rows.
        Two rows are equal if all fields, including **invisible**
        columns (those with ``format_==None``) are equal.
        """
        result = self.buildEmptyClone()
        if byColumns is not None:
            assert isinstance(byColumns, (tuple, list))
            ixi = [self.getIndex(name) for name in byColumns]
        else:
            ixi = None
        keysSeen = set()
        for row in self.rows:
            if ixi is not None:
                key = computekey([row[i] for i in ixi])
            else:
                key = computekey(row)
            if key not in keysSeen:
                result.rows.append(row[:])
                keysSeen.add(key)
        result.resetInternals()
        return result

    def filter(self, expr, debug=False):
        """builds a new table with columns selected according to ``expr``. E.g. ::

               table.filter(table.mz >= 100.0)
               table.filter((table.mz >= 100.0) & (table.rt <= 20))

        \\
        """
        if not isinstance(expr, BaseExpression):
            expr = Value(expr)

        if debug:
            print "#", expr

        ctx = {self: self._getColumnCtx(expr._neededColumns())}
        flags, _, _ = expr._eval(ctx)
        filteredTable = self.buildEmptyClone()
        filteredTable.primaryIndex = self.primaryIndex.copy()
        if len(flags) == 1:
            if flags[0]:
                filteredTable.rows = [r[:] for r in self.rows]
            else:
                filteredTable.rows = []
        else:
            assert len(flags) == len(
                self), "result of filter expression does not match table size"
            filteredTable.rows = [self.rows[n][:]
                                  for n, i in enumerate(flags) if i]
        filteredTable.resetInternals()
        return filteredTable

    def removePostfixes(self, *postfixes):
        """
        removes postfixes.
        throws exception if this process produces duplicate column names.

        if you ommit postfixes parameter, all "__xyz" postfixes are removed.
        else the given postfixes are stripped from the column names
        """
        new_column_names = list()
        for column_name in self._colNames:
            if not postfixes:
                new_column_name, __, __ = column_name.partition("__")
            else:
                for pf in postfixes:
                    if column_name.endswith(pf):
                        new_column_name = column_name[:-len(pf)]
                        break
                else:
                    new_column_name = column_name
            new_column_names.append(new_column_name)

        name_counter = collections.Counter(new_column_names)

        if len(set(new_column_names)) != len(new_column_names):
            duplicates = [n for (n, c) in name_counter.items() if c > 1]
            raise Exception("removing postfix(es) %r results in duplicate"
                            " column_name(s) '%s'" % (postfixes, ", ".join(duplicates)))

        self._colNames = new_column_names
        self.resetInternals()

    def cleanupPostfixes(self):
        """
        removes postfixes from those columns where this change does not introduce
        duplicate names.
        """
        names = {}
        for name in self._colNames:
            new_name, __, __ = name.partition("__")
            if new_name not in names:
                names[name] = new_name
        self._renameColumnsUnchecked(**names)

    def supportedPostfixes(self, colNamesToSupport):
        """

        For a table with column names ``["rt", "rtmin", "rtmax", "rt1", "rtmin1"]``

        ``supportedPostfixes(["rt"])`` returns ``["", "min", "max", "1", "min1"]``,

        ``supportedPostfixes(["rt", "rtmin"])`` returns ``["", "1"]``,

        ``supportedPostfixes(["rt", "rtmax"])`` returns ``[""]``,

        """

        collected = collections.defaultdict(list)
        for name in self._colNames:
            for prefix in colNamesToSupport:
                if name.startswith(prefix):
                    collected[prefix].append(name[len(prefix):])

        counter = collections.defaultdict(int)
        for postfixes in collected.values():
            for postfix in postfixes:
                counter[postfix] += 1

        supported = [pf for pf, count in counter.items()
                     if count == len(colNamesToSupport)]

        return sorted(set(supported))

    def join(self, t, expr=True, debug=False, title=None):
        """joins two tables.

           So if you have two table ``t1`` and ``t2`` as

           === ===
           id  mz
           === ===
           0   100.0
           1   200.0
           2   300.0
           === ===

           and

           ===    =====     ====
           id     mz        rt
           ===    =====     ====
           0      100.0     10.0
           1      110.0     20.0
           2      200.0     30.0
           ===    =====     ====

           Then the result of ``t1.join(t2, (t1.mz >= t2.mz -20) & (t1.mz <= t2.mz + 20)``
           is

           ====   =====  ====   =====  ====
           id_1   mz_1   id_2   mz_2   rt
           ====   =====  ====   =====  ====
           0      100.0  0      100.0  10.0
           0      100.0  1      110.0  20.0
           1      200.0  2      200.0  30.0
           ====   =====  ====   =====  ====

           If you do not provide an expression, this method returns the full
           cross product.

        """
        # no direct type check below, as databases decorate member tables:
        try:
            t._getColumnCtx
        except AttributeError:
            raise Exception("first arg is of wrong type")

        if not isinstance(expr, BaseExpression):
            expr = Value(expr)

        table = self._buildJoinTable(t, title)

        if debug:
            print "# %s.join(%s, %s)" % (self._name, t._name, expr)
        tctx = t._getColumnCtx(expr._neededColumns())

        cmdlineProgress = _CmdLineProgress(len(self))
        rows = []
        for ii, r1 in enumerate(self.rows):
            r1ctx = dict(
                (n, ([v], None, t)) for (n, v, t) in zip(self._colNames, r1, self._colTypes))
            ctx = {self: r1ctx, t: tctx}
            flags, _, _ = expr._eval(ctx)
            if len(flags) == 1:
                if flags[0]:
                    rows.extend([r1[:] + row[:] for row in t.rows])
            else:
                rows.extend([r1[:] + t.rows[n][:]
                             for (n, i) in enumerate(flags) if i])
            cmdlineProgress.progress(ii)
        cmdlineProgress.finish()
        table.rows = rows
        table.resetInternals()
        return table

    def leftJoin(self, t, expr=True, debug=False, title=None):
        """performs an *left join* also known as *outer join* of two tables.

           It works similar to :py:meth:`~.join`
           but keeps non-matching rows of
           the first table. So if we take the example from
           :py:meth:`~.join`

           Then the result of ``t1.leftJoin(t2, (t1.mz >= t2.mz -20) & (t1.mz <= t2.mz + 20)``
           is

           ====   =====  ====   =====  ====
           id_1   mz_1   id_2   mz_2   rt
           ====   =====  ====   =====  ====
           0      100.0  0      100.0  10.0
           0      100.0  1      110.0  20.0
           1      200.0  2      200.0  30.0
           2      300.0  None   None   None
           ====   =====  ====   =====  ====

           If you do not provide an expression, this method returns the full
           cross product.
        """
        # no direct type check below, as databases decorate member tables:
        try:
            t._getColumnCtx
        except AttributeError:
            raise Exception("first argument is of wrong type")

        if not isinstance(expr, BaseExpression):
            expr = Value(expr)

        table = self._buildJoinTable(t, title)

        if debug:
            print "# %s.leftJoin(%s, %s)" % (self._name, t._name, expr)
        tctx = t._getColumnCtx(expr._neededColumns())

        filler = [None] * len(t._colNames)
        cmdlineProgress = _CmdLineProgress(len(self))

        rows = []
        for ii, r1 in enumerate(self.rows):
            r1ctx = dict(
                (n, ([v], None, t)) for (n, v, t) in zip(self._colNames, r1, self._colTypes))
            ctx = {self: r1ctx, t: tctx}
            flags, _, _ = expr._eval(ctx)
            if len(flags) == 1:
                if flags[0]:
                    rows.extend([r1[:] + row[:] for row in t.rows])
                else:
                    rows.extend([r1[:] + filler[:]])
            elif np.any(flags):
                rows.extend([r1[:] + t.rows[n][:]
                             for (n, i) in enumerate(flags) if i])
            else:
                rows.extend([r1[:] + filler[:]])
            cmdlineProgress.progress(ii)

        cmdlineProgress.finish()

        table.rows = rows
        table.resetInternals()
        return table

    def _prepare_fast_join(self, other, column_name, column_name_other, rel_tol, abs_tol):
        assert rel_tol is None or abs_tol is None, ("you are not allowed to provide rel_tol and"
                                                    " abs_tol at the same time")
        self.requireColumn(column_name)
        if column_name_other is None:
            column_name_other = column_name
        other.requireColumn(column_name_other)
        table = self._buildJoinTable(other, title=None)

        lookup = other.buildLookup(column_name_other, abs_tol, rel_tol)

        idx = other.getIndex(column_name_other)
        return table, lookup, idx

    def buildLookup(self, column_name, abs_tol, rel_tol):
        return Lookup(self.getColumn(column_name).values, abs_tol, rel_tol)

    def fastJoin(self, other, column_name, column_name_other=None, rel_tol=None, abs_tol=None):
        """Fast joining for combining tables based on equality of a given column.
        `.fastJoin` is more restricted than the regualar `.join` method but **much faster**.

        For example: ``t1`` and ``t2`` have a column named ``id``. The the call::

            tn = t1.fastJoin(t2, "id")

        yields the same result as::

            tn = t1.join(t2, t1.id == t2.id)

        The column name ``column_name_other`` can be used if table ``other`` does have a column
        ``column_name`` for matching. Then this column name is used instead.

        You can use *rel_tol* or *abs_tol* for approximate matching of numerical values.

        Remark:

        For a more flexible but still fast way to join on exact or approximate matches use
        the ``.equals`` expression, which allows and/or for more complex match conditions::

            tn = t.join(t2, t.mz.equals(t2.mz, rel_tol=5e-6) & t.rt.equals(t2.rt, abs_tol=30))

        """
        table, lookup, __ = self._prepare_fast_join(other, column_name, column_name_other,
                                                    rel_tol, abs_tol)
        idx = self.getIndex(column_name)
        rows = []
        cmdlineProgress = _CmdLineProgress(len(self))
        for ii, row in enumerate(self.rows):
            if row[idx] is None:
                continue
            matches = lookup.find(row[idx])
            if matches:
                rows.extend([row[:] + other.rows[i][:] for i in matches])
            cmdlineProgress.progress(ii)
        cmdlineProgress.finish()
        table.rows = rows
        table.resetInternals()
        return table

    def fastLeftJoin(self, other, column_name, column_name_other=None, rel_tol=None, abs_tol=None):
        """Same optimization as fastJoin described above, but performas a fast ``leftJoin``
        instead.
        """
        table, lookup, __ = self._prepare_fast_join(other, column_name, column_name_other,
                                                    rel_tol, abs_tol)
        idx = self.getIndex(column_name)
        rows = []
        no = len(other._colNames)
        cmdlineProgress = _CmdLineProgress(len(self))
        for ii, row in enumerate(self.rows):
            if row[idx] is None:
                rows.append(row[:] + [None] * no)
                continue
            matches = lookup.find(row[idx])
            if matches:
                rows.extend([row[:] + other.rows[i][:] for i in matches])
            else:
                rows.append(row[:] + [None] * no)
            cmdlineProgress.progress(ii)
        cmdlineProgress.finish()
        table.rows = rows
        table.resetInternals()
        return table

    def _postfixValues(self):
        ""  # no autodoc ?

        """ finds postfixes 0, 1, .. in  __0, __1, ... in self._colNames
            an empty postfix "" is recognized as -1 """
        postfixes = set(getPostfix(c) for c in self._colNames)
        postfixes.discard(None)  # internal cols starting witn __
        return [-1 if p == "" else int(p[2:]) for p in postfixes]

    def maxPostfix(self):
        """ returns last postfix in sorted postfixes of column names """
        return max(self._postfixValues())

    def minPostfix(self):
        """ returns first postfix in sorted postfixes of column names """
        return min(self._postfixValues())

    def findPostfixes(self):
        """ returns postfixes of column names """
        postfixes = set(getPostfix(c) for c in self._colNames)
        postfixes.discard(None)  # internal cols starting with __
        return postfixes

    def _incrementedPostfixes(self, by):
        newColNames = []
        for c in self._colNames:
            pf = getPostfix(c)
            if pf is not None:
                val = -1 if pf == "" else int(pf[2:])
                prefix = c if pf == "" else c.split("__")[0]
                newName = prefix + "__" + str(by + val)
            newColNames.append(newName)
        return newColNames

    def _buildJoinTable(self, t, title):

        incrementBy = self.maxPostfix() - t.minPostfix() + 1

        colNames = self._colNames + list(t._incrementedPostfixes(incrementBy))

        colFormats = self._colFormats + t._colFormats
        colTypes = self._colTypes + t._colTypes
        if title is None:
            title = "%s vs %s" % (self.title, t.title)

        key_left = (self.title, self.uniqueId())
        key_right = (t.title, t.uniqueId())
        meta = {key_left: self.meta.copy(), key_right: t.meta.copy()}
        return Table._create(colNames, colTypes, colFormats, [], title, meta)

    def print_(self, w=8, out=None, title=None, max_lines=None):
        """
        Prints the table to the console. ``w`` is the width of the columns,
        If you want to print to a file or stream instead, you can use the ``out``
        parameter, e.g. ``t.print_(out=sys.stderr)``.
        If you support a ``title`` string this will be printed above the
        content of the table.
        """
        if out is None:
            out = sys.stdout
        out = codecs.getwriter(locale.getpreferredencoding())(out)

        ix = [i for i, f in enumerate(self._colFormats) if f is not None]

        colwidths = []
        for i in ix:
            c = self._colNames[i]
            f = self.colFormatters[i]
            values = set(map(f, self.getColumn(c).values))
            values.discard(None)
            if values:
                mw = max(len(v) for v in values if v is not None)
            else:
                mw = 1  # for "-"
            colwidths.append(max(mw, len(c), w))

        # inner method is private, else the object can not be pickled !
        def _p(vals, colwidths=colwidths, out=out):
            for v, w in zip(vals, colwidths):
                expr = "%%-%ds" % w
                v = "-" if v is None else v
                print >> out, (expr % v),

        if title is not None:
            _p(len(title) * "=")
            print >> out
            _p([title])
            print >> out
            _p(len(title) * "=")
            print >> out

        _p([self._colNames[i] for i in ix])
        print >> out

        ct = [self._colTypes[i] for i in ix]
        ct = [re.match("<(type|class) '((\w|[.])+)'>|(\w+)", str(n)).groups()[1] or str(n)
              for n in ct]

        def strip(s, prefix):
            if s.startswith(prefix):
                s = s[len(prefix):]
            return s
        ct = [strip(t, "emzed.core.data_types.col_types.") for t in ct]
        ct = [strip(t, "emzed.core.data_types.ms_types.") for t in ct]

        _p(ct)
        print >> out
        _p(["------"] * len(ix))
        print >> out
        fms = [self.colFormatters[i] for i in ix]
        if max_lines is not None and len(self) > max_lines:
            to_print_head = max_lines // 2
            to_print_tail = max_lines - to_print_head
            for row in self.rows[:to_print_head]:
                ri = [row[i] for i in ix]
                _p(fmt(value) for (fmt, value) in zip(fms, ri))
                print >> out
            leave_out = len(self) - to_print_head - to_print_tail
            print >> out,  "... (%d rows) ..." % leave_out
            for row in self.rows[-to_print_tail:]:
                ri = [row[i] for i in ix]
                _p(fmt(value) for (fmt, value) in zip(fms, ri))
                print >> out
        else:
            for row in self.rows:
                ri = [row[i] for i in ix]
                _p(fmt(value) for (fmt, value) in zip(fms, ri))
                print >> out

    _print = print_   # backwards compatibility

    def renamePostfixes(self, **kw):
        """
            Renames postfixes given as key-value arguments.

            Example: ``tab.renamePostfixes(__0 = "_new")``
        """
        collected = dict()
        for postfix_old, postfix_new in kw.items():
            for c in self._colNames:
                if c.endswith(postfix_old):
                    c_new = c[:-len(postfix_old)] + postfix_new
                    if "__" in c_new:
                        raise Exception(
                            "renaming %r results in double underscore in %r" % (c, c_new))
                    collected[c] = c_new
        self.renameColumns(**collected)

    @staticmethod
    def toTable(colName, iterable, format_="", type_=None, title="", meta=None):
        """ generates a one-column table from an iterable, e.g. from a list,
            colName is name for the column.

            - if ``type_`` is not given a common type for all values is determined,
            - if ``format_`` is not given, a default format for ``type_`` is used.

            further one can provide a title and meta data
        """
        if not isinstance(colName, str):
            raise Exception("colName is not a string. The arguments of this "
                            "function changed in the past !")

        values = convert_list_to_overall_type(list(iterable))
        if type_ is None:
            warn(
                "you did not provide a type_ parameter, this might be dangerous !!!!")
            type_ = common_type_for(values)
        if format_ == "":
            format_ = guessFormatFor(colName, type_)
        if meta is None:
            meta = dict()
        else:
            meta = meta.copy()
        rows = [[v] for v in values]
        return Table([colName], [type_], [format_], rows, meta=meta)

    @staticmethod
    def loadCSV(path, sep=";", keepNone=False, **specialFormats):
        """
        loads csv file from path. column separator is given by *sep*.
        If *keepNone* is set to True, "None" strings in file are kept as a string.
        Else this string is converted to Python None values.
        *specialFormats* collects positional arguments for setting formats
        of columns.

        Example: ``Table.loadCSV("abc.csv", mz="%.3f")``

        """
        import os.path
        import sys
        import re
        if isinstance(path, unicode):
            path = path.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())

        with open(path, "r") as fp:
            # remove clutter at right margin
            reader = csv.reader(fp, delimiter=sep)
            # reduce multiple spaces to single underscore
            colNames = [re.sub(" +", "_", n.strip()) for n in reader.next()]

            if keepNone:
                conv = bestConvert
            else:
                conv = lambda v: None if v == "None" else bestConvert(v)

            rows = [[conv(c.strip()) for c in row] for row in reader]

        cleanup_values(rows)

        columns = [[row[i] for row in rows] for i in range(len(colNames))]
        types = [common_type_for(col) for col in columns]

        # now convert columns to their common type:
        for row in rows:
            for i, (v, t) in enumerate(zip(row, types)):
                if t is None:
                    t = str
                    types[i] = str
                if v is not None:
                    row[i] = t(v)

        formats = dict([(name, guessFormatFor(name, type_)) for (name, type_)
                        in zip(colNames, types)])

        formats.update(specialFormats)

        formats = [formats[n] for n in colNames]

        title = os.path.basename(path)
        meta = dict(loaded_from=os.path.abspath(path))
        return Table._create(colNames, types, formats, rows, title, meta)

    def toOpenMSFeatureMap(self):
        """
        converts table to pyopenms FeatureMap type.
        """

        self.ensureColNames("rt", "mz")

        if "feature_id" in self._colNames:
            # feature table from openms
            ti = self.splitBy("feature_id")
            # intensity, rt, mz should be the same value for each feature
            # table:
            areas = [t0.intensity.values[0] for t0 in ti]
            rts = [t0.rt.values[0] for t0 in ti]
            mzs = [t0.mz.values[0] for t0 in ti]
        else:
            # chromatographic peak table from XCMS
            if "into" in self._colNames:
                areas = self.into.values
            elif "area" in self._colNames:
                areas = self.area.values
            else:
                print "features have no area/intensity, we assume constant intensity"
                areas = [None] * len(self)
            mzs = self.mz.values
            rts = self.rt.values

        fm = pyopenms.FeatureMap()

        for (mz, rt, area) in zip(mzs, rts, areas):
            f = pyopenms.Feature()
            f.setMZ(mz)
            f.setRT(rt)
            f.setIntensity(area if area is not None else 1000.0)
            fm.push_back(f)
        return fm

    @staticmethod
    def mergeTables(tables, reference_table=None, force_merge=False):
        """ merges tables. Eg:

            .. pycon::

                import emzed
                t1 = emzed.utils.toTable("a", [1], type_=int)
                t2 = t1.copy()
                t1.addColumn("b", 3, type_=int)
                t2.addColumn("c", 5, type_=int)

                print t1
                print t2
                t3 = emzed.utils.mergeTables([t1, t2])
                print t3

            in case of conflicting names, name orders, types or formats
            you can try ``force_merge=True`` or provide a reference
            table. This reference table just serves information about
            wanted column names, types and formats and  is merged to the result
            only if it appers in  ``tables``.

        """
        assert isinstance(
            tables, (list, tuple)), "need list of tables as first argument"
        if reference_table is not None:
            final_colnames = reference_table._colNames
            start_with = reference_table.buildEmptyClone()
        else:
            final_colnames, final_types, final_formats = tools._build_starttable(
                tables, force_merge)
            start_with = Table._create(
                final_colnames, final_types, final_formats)

        extended_tables = []
        for table in tables:
            missing_names = [
                c for c in final_colnames if c not in table._colNames]
            if missing_names:
                table = table.copy()
                for name in missing_names:
                    type_ = start_with.getType(name)
                    format_ = start_with.getFormat(name)
                    table._addColumnWithoutNameCheck(
                        name, None, type_, format_)
            table = table.extractColumns(*final_colnames)
            extended_tables.append(table)

        result = extended_tables[0]
        result.append(extended_tables[1:])
        return result

    def __add__(self, other):
        assert isinstance(other, Table)
        return Table.stackTables((self, other))

    def __iadd__(self, other):
        assert isinstance(other, Table)
        Table._check_if_compatible((self, other))
        meta = Table._merge_metas((self, other))
        self.rows.extend(other.rows)
        self.meta = meta
        return self

    @staticmethod
    def _check_if_compatible(tables):
        assert all(isinstance(o, Table) for o in tables), "only tables allowed: %s" % tables

        def diff_message(l1, l2, txt, names=None):
            msgs = []
            if names is None:
                names = [""] * len(l1)
            for i, (name, v1, v2) in enumerate(zip(names, l1, l2)):
                if v1 != v2:
                    msgs.append(
                        "%10s col(number=%d, name=%s): %s vs %s" % (txt, i, name, v1, v2))
            return "\n".join(msgs)

        for i, (t1, t2) in enumerate(zip(tables, tables[1:])):
            if t1.numCols() != t2.numCols():
                raise Exception("tables %d and %d have different number columns (%d and %d)"
                                % (i, i + 1, t1.numCols(), t2.numCols()))

        for i, (t1, t2) in enumerate(zip(tables, tables[1:])):
            if t1._colNames != t2._colNames:
                msgs = []
                for i, (n1, n2) in enumerate(zip(t1._colNames, t2._colNames)):
                    if n1 != n2:
                        msgs.append("  column %2d: %s vs %s" % (i, n1, n2))
                msg = "\n".join(msgs)
                raise Exception("column names do not fit: \n%s" % msg)

        msgs = []
        for i, (t1, t2) in enumerate(zip(tables, tables[1:])):
            if t1._colTypes != t2._colTypes:
                msg = diff_message(
                    t1._colTypes, t2._colTypes, "%d/%d" % (i, i + 1), t1._colNames)
                msgs.append(msg)
            if t1._colFormats != t2._colFormats:
                msg = diff_message(
                    t1._colFormats, t2._colFormats, "%d/%d" % (i, i + 1), t1._colNames)
                msgs.append(msg)
        if msgs:
            full_msg = "\n".join(msgs)
            raise Exception("detected incompatibilities: \n%s" % full_msg)

    @staticmethod
    def _merge_metas(tables):
        # merge metas backwards, so first table dominates
        if len(tables) == 0:
            return {}
        meta = tables[-1].meta.copy()
        for t in tables[-1::-1]:
            meta.update(t.meta)

        return meta

    def appendTable(self, other):
        """horizontal inplace appending"""
        assert len(self) == len(other), "number of table rows does not fit"
        if set(self._colNames) & set(other._colNames):
            raise ValueError("names of tables intersect")

        self._colNames.extend(other._colNames)
        self._colTypes.extend(other._colTypes)
        self._colFormats.extend(other._colFormats)
        self.meta["from_other"] = other.meta
        for row_s, row_o in zip(self.rows, other.rows):
            row_s.extend(row_o)
        self.resetInternals()

    @staticmethod
    def stackTables(tables):
        """dumb and fast version of Table.mergeTables if all tables have common column
        names, types and formats unless they are empty.
        """

        if len(tables) == 0:
            return Table._create([], [], [], [], None, {})

        Table._check_if_compatible(tables)
        meta = Table._merge_metas(tables)

        all_rows = [row[:] for t in tables for row in t.rows]

        for t0 in tables:    # look for first non emtpy table
            if len(t0):
                break
        else:
            return t0
        title = tables[0].title
        return Table._create(t0._colNames, t0._colTypes, t0._colFormats,
                             all_rows, title=title, meta=meta)

    def collapse(self, *col_names, **kw):
        """colapse a table by grouping according to columns ``col_names``. This creates a
        subtable for every group, but is in "standard" mode not memory efficient if the number
        of groups is in the range of several thousands. As this method is mostly used for
        preparing a table before visual inspection, the "efficient" mode is available, where
        the sub tables may be inspected, but access to the columns via attribute access is
        not available any more.

        .. pycon::

            import emzed
            t = emzed.utils.toTable("group", (1, 1, 2, 3))
            t.addColumn("values", range(4))
            print(t)
            tn = t.collapse("group")
            print(tn)
            tn = t.collapse("group", efficient=True)
            print(tn)
        """
        self.ensureColNames(*col_names)

        if kw:
            assert "efficient" in kw, "only allowed keyword argument is 'efficient'"

        efficient = kw.get("efficient", True)

        master_names = list(col_names) + ["collapsed"]
        master_types = [self.getColType(n) for n in col_names] + [Table]
        master_formats = [self.getColFormat(n) for n in col_names] + ["%r"]

        grouped_rows = collections.OrderedDict()
        for row in self:
            key_values = tuple([row[n] for n in col_names])
            if key_values not in grouped_rows:
                grouped_rows[key_values] = []
            grouped_rows[key_values].append(list(row))

        final_rows = []
        for key_values, rows in grouped_rows.items():
            key_values = list(key_values)
            if efficient:
                t = TProxy(self, rows)
            else:
                t = Table._create(self._colNames, self._colTypes, self._colFormats, rows)
            final_rows.append(key_values + [t])

        final_rows.sort()
        return Table._create(master_names, master_types, master_formats, final_rows, meta=self.meta)

    def splitVertically(self, columns):
        """this method separates a table vertically based on columnames.
        the method returns two tables: the first one matches the given column names, the second is the
        reminder.

        the argument *columns* is either a string or a list of strings. Globbing is allowed !
        So for example::

             tleft, tright = t.splitVertically("rt*", "mz*")

        will return two tables. The left one has columns where the names start with "mz" or "rt",
        the right one contains the reminder.
        """
        if isinstance(columns, basestring):
            columns = [columns]
        assert all(isinstance(n, basestring) for n in columns), "need strings as argument(s)"

        to_separate = []
        to_keep = []
        for ix, name in enumerate(self._colNames):
            if any(fnmatch.fnmatch(name, pattern) for pattern in columns):
                to_separate.append(ix)
            else:
                to_keep.append(ix)

        def _separate(values):
            values_to_keep = [values[ix] for ix in to_keep]
            values_to_separate = [values[ix] for ix in to_separate]
            return values_to_keep, values_to_separate

        if len(self.rows):
            rows_to_keep, rows_to_separate = zip(*map(_separate, self.rows))
        else:
            rows_to_keep, rows_to_separate = [], []
        names_to_keep, names_to_separate = _separate(self._colNames)
        types_to_keep, types_to_separate = _separate(self._colTypes)
        formats_to_keep, formats_to_separate = _separate(self._colFormats)
        meta_to_keep = self.meta.copy()
        meta_to_separate = self.meta.copy()

        table_to_keep = Table._create(names_to_keep, types_to_keep, formats_to_keep, rows_to_keep,
                                      meta=meta_to_keep)

        table_to_separate = Table._create(names_to_separate, types_to_separate, formats_to_separate,
                                          rows_to_separate, meta=meta_to_separate)

        return table_to_separate, table_to_keep

    def _resetUniqueId(self):
        if "unique_id" in self.meta:
            del self.meta["unique_id"]

    def uniqueId(self):
        if "unique_id" in self.meta:
            peakmaps = set(s for name in self._colNames
                           if name.startswith("peakmap")
                           for s in set(self.getColumn(name))
                           if s is not None)
            found_invalidated_pm = any("unique_id" not in pm.meta for pm in peakmaps)
        if ("unique_id" not in self.meta) or found_invalidated_pm:
            h = hashlib.sha256()

            def update(what):
                h.update(cPickle.dumps(what))

            update(self._colNames)
            update(self._colTypes)
            update(self._colFormats)
            for row in self.rows:
                for val in row:
                    if hasattr(val, "uniqueId"):
                        h.update(val.uniqueId())
                    else:
                        update(val)
            self.meta["unique_id"] = h.hexdigest()
        return self.meta["unique_id"]

    def compressPeakMaps(self):
        """
        sometimes duplicate peakmaps occur as different objects in a table, that is: different id()
        but same content.  this function removes duplicates and replaces different instances of the
        same data by one particular instance.
        """
        # simulate set like behaviour. we do not use a Python set as we do not want to
        # overwrite PeakMap.__hash__
        #
        # PeakMap.uniqueId() *is sensitive for the content of the peakmap* but would slow down
        # calls of hash(peak_map).
        peak_maps = dict()
        for row in self.rows:
            for cell in row:
                if isinstance(cell, PeakMap):
                    peak_maps[cell.uniqueId()] = cell
        for row in self.rows:
            for i, cell in enumerate(row):
                if isinstance(cell, PeakMap):
                    row[i] = peak_maps[cell.uniqueId()]
        self.resetInternals()

    def _correct_proxies(self, table_path):
        abs_pathes = dict()
        base_path = os.path.dirname(table_path)
        for row in self.rows:
            for i, cell in enumerate(row):
                if isinstance(cell, PeakMapProxy):
                    if cell._path.startswith("."):
                        if cell._path not in abs_pathes:
                            path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(base_path, cell._path))
                            abs_pathes[cell._path] = path
                        cell._path = abs_pathes[cell._path]

    def _introduce_proxies(self, folder, table_path):
        proxies = dict()
        for row in self.rows:
            for i, cell in enumerate(row):
                if isinstance(cell, PeakMap) and not isinstance(cell, PeakMapProxy):
                    id_ = cell.uniqueId()
                    if id_ not in proxies:
                        fname = "peak_map_%s.pickle" % id_
                        # todo:
                        if folder.startswith("."):
                            pickle_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(table_path), folder, fname)
                        else:
                            pickle_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(folder, fname))
                        if not os.path.exists(pickle_path):
                            cell.dump_as_pickle(pickle_path)
                        if folder.startswith("."):
                            proxies[id_] = PeakMapProxy(os.path.join(folder, fname), cell.meta)
                        else:
                            proxies[id_] = PeakMapProxy(pickle_path, cell.meta)
                    row[i] = proxies[id_]

    @staticmethod
    def _conv_nan(val):
        try:
            is_nan = np.isnan(val)  # does not work for str values etc !
            return None if is_nan else val
        except Exception:
            return val

    def to_pandas(self, do_format=False):
        """ converts table to pandas DataFrame object """
        import pandas
        data = {}
        for name in self.getColNames():
            if self.getColFormat(name) is not None:
                values = getattr(self, name)
                if do_format:
                    idx = self.getIndex(name)
                    f = self.colFormatters[idx]
                    values = map(f, values)
                else:
                    values = list(values)
                data[name] = values

        df = pandas.DataFrame(data, columns=self.getColNames())
        return df

    @staticmethod
    def from_pandas(df, title=None, meta=None, types=None, formats=None):
        """ creates Table from pandas DataFrame

            * ``title`` and ``meta`` are parametrs according to the consctructor of ``Table``,
                see :py:meth:`~.__init__`

            * ``types`` is a mapping of column names to python types. If this parameter misses
              types are derived automatically from the pandas column types, missing colum names
              in this mapping are handled in the same way.

              This parameter is intended for non standard or special type conversions.

            * ``formats`` is a mapping for declaring column formats. The keys can be column_names,
              python types, or a mixture of them. Types are resolved in the first place, then
              column names.

              The values of this mapping are similar to the format declarations used in
              :py:meth:`~.__init__`

              For missing declarations, or a missing formats argument the formats are guessed
              from the column types.

            Comment: type resolution is done before determining the formats, so values in the
            ``types`` dictionary may appear as keys in ``formats``.

        """
        import pandas
        assert isinstance(df, pandas.DataFrame), df
        if types is None:
            types = dict()

        col_names = map(str, df.columns.values)
        col_types = [types.get(n) for n in col_names]

        kinds_to_type = dict(i=int, f=float, O=object, V=object, U=unicode, a=str, u=int, b=bool,
                             c=complex)

        # overwrite not declared types by guessing from dtype:
        col_types = [kinds_to_type.get(dt.kind) if t is None and hasattr(dt, "kind") else t
                     for (t, dt) in zip(col_types, df.dtypes)]

        # some numpy types have no kind, as numpy.float64
        col_types = [float if t is None and float in dt.__class__.__mro__ else t
                     for (t, dt) in zip(col_types, df.dtypes)]

        col_types = [int if t is None and int in dt.__class__.__mro__ else t
                     for (t, dt) in zip(col_types, df.dtypes)]

        rows = df.as_matrix().tolist()

        rows = [map(Table._conv_nan, row) for row in rows]

        def convert(row):
            for (t, c) in zip(col_types, row):
                if c is not None and t is bool:
                    c = None if c == "-" else (str(c).upper() == "TRUE")
                elif c is not None and t is not object:
                    try:
                        c = t(c)
                    except (TypeError, ValueError):
                        c = None
                yield c

        rows = [list(convert(row)) for row in rows]

        for i, t in enumerate(col_types[:]):
            if t in (object, None):
                column = [row[i] for row in rows]
                t = common_type_for(column)
                col_types[i] = t

        _std_formats = {
            int: "%d", float: "%f", str: "%s", unicode: "%s", object: None, bool: "%s"}

        _formats = {name: _std_formats.get(type_) for (name, type_) in zip(col_names, col_types)}
        if formats is not None:
            _formats.update(formats)

        # first resolve types by name
        col_formats = [_formats.get(n) for n in col_names]
        # then by type
        col_formats = [_formats.get(t, "%s") if f is None else f
                       for (f, t) in zip(col_formats, col_types)]

        table = Table(col_names, col_types, col_formats, rows, title, meta)
        return table

    @staticmethod
    def from_numpy_array(data, col_names, col_types, col_formats, title=None, meta=None):
        """
        Creates a Table from a numpy 2dim array. Arguments are given in the same manner as
        in the Table constructor :py:meth:`~.__init__`

        numpy.nan values are converted to None values for indicating missing values.
        numpy numerical types are converted to python types.

        """
        assert isinstance(data, np.ndarray)
        assert data.ndim == 2, data.ndim
        rows = [map(Table._conv_nan, row) for row in data.tolist()]

        table = Table(col_names, col_types, col_formats, rows, title, meta)
        rows = []
        for row in table.rows[:]:
            for i, t in enumerate(col_types):
                if t in (int, float, str, unicode, bool):
                    val = row[i]
                    if val is not None:
                        row[i] = t(val)
            rows.append(row)
        table.rows = rows
        table.resetInternals()
        return table

    def apply(self, fun, args, keep_nones=False):
        """Allows computing a new columen from a function with multiple arguments.

        .. pycon::

            import emzed
            t = emzed.utils.toTable("a", [1, 2, 3], type_=int)
            t.addColumn("b", [None, 5, 1], type_=int)
            print t
            t.addColumn("c", t.apply(max, (t.a, t.b, 4)), type_=int)
            print t

        Here missing values (``None`` values) are not passed to the function. To change
        this behaviour the ``keep_nones`` parameter should be set to ``True``.

        """

        all_values = []
        fixed = set()
        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
            if isinstance(arg, BaseExpression):
                values, _, type2_ = arg._eval(None)
                if type2_ in _basic_num_types:
                    values = values.tolist()
                all_values.append(list(values))
                assert len(values) in (1, len(self))
            else:
                all_values.append(arg)
                fixed.add(i)

        result = []

        for i in xrange(len(self)):
            arg = []
            for j, v in enumerate(all_values):
                if j in fixed:
                    arg.append(v)
                else:
                    arg.append(v[i])
            arg = tuple(arg)
            if not keep_nones and None in arg:
                value = None
            else:
                value = fun(*arg)
            result.append(value)
        return result


class TProxy(Table):

    """memory efficient view to an existing table with some limitations.
    may be used for creating sub tables in Table.collapse """

    __slots__ = ["_t", "_rows"]

    def __init__(self, t, rows):
        self._t = t
        self._rows = rows

    @property
    def rows(self):
        return self._rows

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        if name in self._t._colNames:
            ix = self._t.getIndex(name)
            col = ColumnExpression(self._t, name, ix, self._t._colTypes[ix], rows=self._rows)
            return col
        return getattr(self._t, name)

    def __repr__(self):
        n = len(self.rows)
        return "<TProxy to %#x with %d row%s>" % (id(self._t), n, "" if n == 1 else "s")

    def __getstate__(self):
        return (self._t, self._rows)

    def __setstate__(self, data):
        (self._t, self._rows) = data

    __str__ = Table.__str__
