# Natural Language Toolkit: TnT Tagger
#
# Copyright (C) 2001-2019 NLTK Project
# Author: Sam Huston <sjh900@gmail.com>
#
# URL: <http://nltk.org/>
# For license information, see LICENSE.TXT

'''
Implementation of 'TnT - A Statisical Part of Speech Tagger'
by Thorsten Brants

http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/A/A00/A00-1031.pdf
'''
from __future__ import print_function, division
from math import log

from operator import itemgetter

from nltk.probability import FreqDist, ConditionalFreqDist
from nltk.tag.api import TaggerI


class TnT(TaggerI):
    '''
    TnT - Statistical POS tagger

    IMPORTANT NOTES:

    * DOES NOT AUTOMATICALLY DEAL WITH UNSEEN WORDS

      - It is possible to provide an untrained POS tagger to
        create tags for unknown words, see __init__ function

    * SHOULD BE USED WITH SENTENCE-DELIMITED INPUT

      - Due to the nature of this tagger, it works best when
        trained over sentence delimited input.
      - However it still produces good results if the training
        data and testing data are separated on all punctuation eg: [,.?!]
      - Input for training is expected to be a list of sentences
        where each sentence is a list of (word, tag) tuples
      - Input for tag function is a single sentence
        Input for tagdata function is a list of sentences
        Output is of a similar form

    * Function provided to process text that is unsegmented

      - Please see basic_sent_chop()


    TnT uses a second order Markov model to produce tags for
    a sequence of input, specifically:

      argmax [Proj(P(t_i|t_i-1,t_i-2)P(w_i|t_i))] P(t_T+1 | t_T)

    IE: the maximum projection of a set of probabilities

    The set of possible tags for a given word is derived
    from the training data. It is the set of all tags
    that exact word has been assigned.

    To speed up and get more precision, we can use log addition
    to instead multiplication, specifically:

      argmax [Sigma(log(P(t_i|t_i-1,t_i-2))+log(P(w_i|t_i)))] +
             log(P(t_T+1|t_T))

    The probability of a tag for a given word is the linear
    interpolation of 3 markov models; a zero-order, first-order,
    and a second order model.

      P(t_i| t_i-1, t_i-2) = l1*P(t_i) + l2*P(t_i| t_i-1) +
                             l3*P(t_i| t_i-1, t_i-2)

    A beam search is used to limit the memory usage of the algorithm.
    The degree of the beam can be changed using N in the initialization.
    N represents the maximum number of possible solutions to maintain
    while tagging.

    It is possible to differentiate the tags which are assigned to
    capitalized words. However this does not result in a significant
    gain in the accuracy of the results.
    '''

    def __init__(self, unk=None, Trained=False, N=1000, C=False):
        '''
        Construct a TnT statistical tagger. Tagger must be trained
        before being used to tag input.

        :param unk: instance of a POS tagger, conforms to TaggerI
        :type  unk:(TaggerI)
        :param Trained: Indication that the POS tagger is trained or not
        :type  Trained: boolean
        :param N: Beam search degree (see above)
        :type  N:(int)
        :param C: Capitalization flag
        :type  C: boolean

        Initializer, creates frequency distributions to be used
        for tagging

        _lx values represent the portion of the tri/bi/uni taggers
        to be used to calculate the probability

        N value is the number of possible solutions to maintain
        while tagging. A good value for this is 1000

        C is a boolean value which specifies to use or
        not use the Capitalization of the word as additional
        information for tagging.
        NOTE: using capitalization may not increase the accuracy
        of the tagger
        '''

        self._uni = FreqDist()
        self._bi = ConditionalFreqDist()
        self._tri = ConditionalFreqDist()
        self._wd = ConditionalFreqDist()
        self._eos = ConditionalFreqDist()
        self._l1 = 0.0
        self._l2 = 0.0
        self._l3 = 0.0
        self._N = N
        self._C = C
        self._T = Trained

        self._unk = unk

        # statistical tools (ignore or delete me)
        self.unknown = 0
        self.known = 0

    def train(self, data):
        '''
        Uses a set of tagged data to train the tagger.
        If an unknown word tagger is specified,
        it is trained on the same data.

        :param data: List of lists of (word, tag) tuples
        :type data: tuple(str)
        '''

        # Ensure that local C flag is initialized before use
        C = False

        if self._unk is not None and self._T == False:
            self._unk.train(data)

        for sent in data:
            history = [('BOS', False), ('BOS', False)]
            for w, t in sent:

                # if capitalization is requested,
                # and the word begins with a capital
                # set local flag C to True
                if self._C and w[0].isupper():
                    C = True

                self._wd[w][t] += 1
                self._uni[(t, C)] += 1
                self._bi[history[1]][(t, C)] += 1
                self._tri[tuple(history)][(t, C)] += 1

                history.append((t, C))
                history.pop(0)

                # set local flag C to false for the next word
                C = False

            self._eos[t]['EOS'] += 1

        # compute lambda values from the trained frequency distributions
        self._compute_lambda()

        # (debugging -- ignore or delete me)
        # print "lambdas"
        # print i, self._l1, i, self._l2, i, self._l3

    def _compute_lambda(self):
        '''
        creates lambda values based upon training data

        NOTE: no need to explicitly reference C,
        it is contained within the tag variable :: tag == (tag,C)

        for each tag trigram (t1, t2, t3)
        depending on the maximum value of
        - f(t1,t2,t3)-1 / f(t1,t2)-1
        - f(t2,t3)-1 / f(t2)-1
        - f(t3)-1 / N-1

        increment l3,l2, or l1 by f(t1,t2,t3)

        ISSUES -- Resolutions:
        if 2 values are equal, increment both lambda values
        by (f(t1,t2,t3) / 2)
        '''

        # temporary lambda variables
        tl1 = 0.0
        tl2 = 0.0
        tl3 = 0.0

        # for each t1,t2 in system
        for history in self._tri.conditions():
            (h1, h2) = history

            # for each t3 given t1,t2 in system
            # (NOTE: tag actually represents (tag,C))
            # However no effect within this function
            for tag in self._tri[history].keys():

                # if there has only been 1 occurrence of this tag in the data
                # then ignore this trigram.
                if self._uni[tag] == 1:
                    continue

                # safe_div provides a safe floating point division
                # it returns -1 if the denominator is 0
                c3 = self._safe_div(
                    (self._tri[history][tag] - 1), (self._tri[history].N() - 1)
                )
                c2 = self._safe_div((self._bi[h2][tag] - 1), (self._bi[h2].N() - 1))
                c1 = self._safe_div((self._uni[tag] - 1), (self._uni.N() - 1))

                # if c1 is the maximum value:
                if (c1 > c3) and (c1 > c2):
                    tl1 += self._tri[history][tag]

                # if c2 is the maximum value
                elif (c2 > c3) and (c2 > c1):
                    tl2 += self._tri[history][tag]

                # if c3 is the maximum value
                elif (c3 > c2) and (c3 > c1):
                    tl3 += self._tri[history][tag]

                # if c3, and c2 are equal and larger than c1
                elif (c3 == c2) and (c3 > c1):
                    tl2 += self._tri[history][tag] / 2.0
                    tl3 += self._tri[history][tag] / 2.0

                # if c1, and c2 are equal and larger than c3
                # this might be a dumb thing to do....(not sure yet)
                elif (c2 == c1) and (c1 > c3):
                    tl1 += self._tri[history][tag] / 2.0
                    tl2 += self._tri[history][tag] / 2.0

                # otherwise there might be a problem
                # eg: all values = 0
                else:
                    # print "Problem", c1, c2 ,c3
                    pass

        # Lambda normalisation:
        # ensures that l1+l2+l3 = 1
        self._l1 = tl1 / (tl1 + tl2 + tl3)
        self._l2 = tl2 / (tl1 + tl2 + tl3)
        self._l3 = tl3 / (tl1 + tl2 + tl3)

    def _safe_div(self, v1, v2):
        '''
        Safe floating point division function, does not allow division by 0
        returns -1 if the denominator is 0
        '''
        if v2 == 0:
            return -1
        else:
            return v1 / v2

    def tagdata(self, data):
        '''
        Tags each sentence in a list of sentences

        :param data:list of list of words
        :type data: [[string,],]
        :return: list of list of (word, tag) tuples

        Invokes tag(sent) function for each sentence
        compiles the results into a list of tagged sentences
        each tagged sentence is a list of (word, tag) tuples
        '''
        res = []
        for sent in data:
            res1 = self.tag(sent)
            res.append(res1)
        return res

    def tag(self, data):
        '''
        Tags a single sentence

        :param data: list of words
        :type data: [string,]

        :return: [(word, tag),]

        Calls recursive function '_tagword'
        to produce a list of tags

        Associates the sequence of returned tags
        with the correct words in the input sequence

        returns a list of (word, tag) tuples
        '''

        current_state = [(['BOS', 'BOS'], 0.0)]

        sent = list(data)

        tags = self._tagword(sent, current_state)

        res = []
        for i in range(len(sent)):
            # unpack and discard the C flags
            (t, C) = tags[i + 2]
            res.append((sent[i], t))

        return res

    def _tagword(self, sent, current_states):
        '''
        :param sent : List of words remaining in the sentence
        :type sent  : [word,]
        :param current_states : List of possible tag combinations for
                                the sentence so far, and the log probability
                                associated with each tag combination
        :type current_states  : [([tag, ], logprob), ]

        Tags the first word in the sentence and
        recursively tags the reminder of sentence

        Uses formula specified above to calculate the probability
        of a particular tag
        '''

        # if this word marks the end of the sentance,
        # return the most probable tag
        if sent == []:
            (h, logp) = current_states[0]
            return h

        # otherwise there are more words to be tagged
        word = sent[0]
        sent = sent[1:]
        new_states = []

        # if the Capitalisation is requested,
        # initalise the flag for this word
        C = False
        if self._C and word[0].isupper():
            C = True

        # if word is known
        # compute the set of possible tags
        # and their associated log probabilities
        if word in self._wd:
            self.known += 1

            for (history, curr_sent_logprob) in current_states:
                logprobs = []

                for t in self._wd[word].keys():
                    tC = (t, C)
                    p_uni = self._uni.freq(tC)
                    p_bi = self._bi[history[-1]].freq(tC)
                    p_tri = self._tri[tuple(history[-2:])].freq(tC)
                    p_wd = self._wd[word][t] / self._uni[tC]
                    p = self._l1 * p_uni + self._l2 * p_bi + self._l3 * p_tri
                    p2 = log(p, 2) + log(p_wd, 2)

                    # compute the result of appending each tag to this history
                    new_states.append((history + [tC], curr_sent_logprob + p2))

        # otherwise a new word, set of possible tags is unknown
        else:
            self.unknown += 1

            # since a set of possible tags,
            # and the probability of each specific tag
            # can not be returned from most classifiers:
            # specify that any unknown words are tagged with certainty
            p = 1

            # if no unknown word tagger has been specified
            # then use the tag 'Unk'
            if self._unk is None:
                tag = ('Unk', C)

            # otherwise apply the unknown word tagger
            else:
                [(_w, t)] = list(self._unk.tag([word]))
                tag = (t, C)

            for (history, logprob) in current_states:
                history.append(tag)

            new_states = current_states

        # now have computed a set of possible new_states

        # sort states by log prob
        # set is now ordered greatest to least log probability
        new_states.sort(reverse=True, key=itemgetter(1))

        # del everything after N (threshold)
        # this is the beam search cut
        if len(new_states) > self._N:
            new_states = new_states[: self._N]

        # compute the tags for the rest of the sentence
        # return the best list of tags for the sentence
        return self._tagword(sent, new_states)


########################################
# helper function -- basic sentence tokenizer
########################################


def basic_sent_chop(data, raw=True):
    '''
    Basic method for tokenizing input into sentences
    for this tagger:

    :param data: list of tokens (words or (word, tag) tuples)
    :type data: str or tuple(str, str)
    :param raw: boolean flag marking the input data
                as a list of words or a list of tagged words
    :type raw: bool
    :return: list of sentences
             sentences are a list of tokens
             tokens are the same as the input

    Function takes a list of tokens and separates the tokens into lists
    where each list represents a sentence fragment
    This function can separate both tagged and raw sequences into
    basic sentences.

    Sentence markers are the set of [,.!?]

    This is a simple method which enhances the performance of the TnT
    tagger. Better sentence tokenization will further enhance the results.
    '''

    new_data = []
    curr_sent = []
    sent_mark = [',', '.', '?', '!']

    if raw:
        for word in data:
            if word in sent_mark:
                curr_sent.append(word)
                new_data.append(curr_sent)
                curr_sent = []
            else:
                curr_sent.append(word)

    else:
        for (word, tag) in data:
            if word in sent_mark:
                curr_sent.append((word, tag))
                new_data.append(curr_sent)
                curr_sent = []
            else:
                curr_sent.append((word, tag))
    return new_data


def demo():
    from nltk.corpus import brown

    sents = list(brown.tagged_sents())
    test = list(brown.sents())

    # create and train the tagger
    tagger = TnT()
    tagger.train(sents[200:1000])

    # tag some data
    tagged_data = tagger.tagdata(test[100:120])

    # print results
    for j in range(len(tagged_data)):
        s = tagged_data[j]
        t = sents[j + 100]
        for i in range(len(s)):
            print(s[i], '--', t[i])
        print()


def demo2():
    from nltk.corpus import treebank

    d = list(treebank.tagged_sents())

    t = TnT(N=1000, C=False)
    s = TnT(N=1000, C=True)
    t.train(d[(11) * 100 :])
    s.train(d[(11) * 100 :])

    for i in range(10):
        tacc = t.evaluate(d[i * 100 : ((i + 1) * 100)])
        tp_un = t.unknown / (t.known + t.unknown)
        tp_kn = t.known / (t.known + t.unknown)
        t.unknown = 0
        t.known = 0

        print('Capitalization off:')
        print('Accuracy:', tacc)
        print('Percentage known:', tp_kn)
        print('Percentage unknown:', tp_un)
        print('Accuracy over known words:', (tacc / tp_kn))

        sacc = s.evaluate(d[i * 100 : ((i + 1) * 100)])
        sp_un = s.unknown / (s.known + s.unknown)
        sp_kn = s.known / (s.known + s.unknown)
        s.unknown = 0
        s.known = 0

        print('Capitalization on:')
        print('Accuracy:', sacc)
        print('Percentage known:', sp_kn)
        print('Percentage unknown:', sp_un)
        print('Accuracy over known words:', (sacc / sp_kn))


def demo3():
    from nltk.corpus import treebank, brown

    d = list(treebank.tagged_sents())
    e = list(brown.tagged_sents())

    d = d[:1000]
    e = e[:1000]

    d10 = int(len(d) * 0.1)
    e10 = int(len(e) * 0.1)

    tknacc = 0
    sknacc = 0
    tallacc = 0
    sallacc = 0
    tknown = 0
    sknown = 0

    for i in range(10):

        t = TnT(N=1000, C=False)
        s = TnT(N=1000, C=False)

        dtest = d[(i * d10) : ((i + 1) * d10)]
        etest = e[(i * e10) : ((i + 1) * e10)]

        dtrain = d[: (i * d10)] + d[((i + 1) * d10) :]
        etrain = e[: (i * e10)] + e[((i + 1) * e10) :]

        t.train(dtrain)
        s.train(etrain)

        tacc = t.evaluate(dtest)
        tp_un = t.unknown / (t.known + t.unknown)
        tp_kn = t.known / (t.known + t.unknown)
        tknown += tp_kn
        t.unknown = 0
        t.known = 0

        sacc = s.evaluate(etest)
        sp_un = s.unknown / (s.known + s.unknown)
        sp_kn = s.known / (s.known + s.unknown)
        sknown += sp_kn
        s.unknown = 0
        s.known = 0

        tknacc += tacc / tp_kn
        sknacc += sacc / tp_kn
        tallacc += tacc
        sallacc += sacc

        # print i+1, (tacc / tp_kn), i+1, (sacc / tp_kn), i+1, tacc, i+1, sacc

    print("brown: acc over words known:", 10 * tknacc)
    print("     : overall accuracy:", 10 * tallacc)
    print("     : words known:", 10 * tknown)
    print("treebank: acc over words known:", 10 * sknacc)
    print("        : overall accuracy:", 10 * sallacc)
    print("        : words known:", 10 * sknown)
