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Controls (`input`, `select`, `textarea`) are ways for a user to enter data. A Form is a collection of controls for the purpose of grouping related controls together.

Form and controls provide validation services, so that the user can be notified of invalid input. This provides a better user experience, because the user gets instant feedback on how to correct the error. Keep in mind that while client-side validation plays an important role in providing good user experience, it can easily be circumvented and thus can not be trusted. Server-side validation is still necessary for a secure application.

# Simple form

The key directive in understanding two-way data-binding is ngModel. The `ngModel` directive provides the two-way data-binding by synchronizing the model to the view, as well as view to the model. In addition it provides an API for other directives to augment its behavior.

Edit in Plunker

    <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
      <form novalidate class="simple-form">
        Name: <input type="text" ng-model="user.name" /><br />
        E-mail: <input type="email" ng-model="user.email" /><br />
        Gender: <input type="radio" ng-model="user.gender" value="male" />male
        <input type="radio" ng-model="user.gender" value="female" />female<br />
        <button ng-click="reset()">RESET</button>
        <button ng-click="update(user)">SAVE</button>
      </form>
      <pre>form = {{user | json}}</pre>
      <pre>master = {{master | json}}</pre>
    </div>

    <script>
      angular.module('formExample', [])
        .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
          $scope.master = {};

          $scope.update = function(user) {
            $scope.master = angular.copy(user);
          };

          $scope.reset = function() {
            $scope.user = angular.copy($scope.master);
          };

          $scope.reset();
        }]);
    </script>

Note that `novalidate` is used to disable browser's native form validation.

# Using CSS classes

To allow styling of form as well as controls, `ngModel` adds these CSS classes:

- `ng-valid`
- `ng-invalid`
- `ng-pristine`
- `ng-dirty`
- `ng-touched`
- `ng-untouched`

The following example uses the CSS to display validity of each form control. In the example both `user.name` and `user.email` are required, but are rendered with red background only when they are dirty. This ensures that the user is not distracted with an error until after interacting with the control, and failing to satisfy its validity.

Edit in Plunker

    <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
      <form novalidate class="css-form">
        Name:
          <input type="text" ng-model="user.name" required /><br />
        E-mail: <input type="email" ng-model="user.email" required /><br />
        Gender: <input type="radio" ng-model="user.gender" value="male" />male
        <input type="radio" ng-model="user.gender" value="female" />female<br />
        <button ng-click="reset()">RESET</button>
        <button ng-click="update(user)">SAVE</button>
      </form>
    </div>

    <style type="text/css">
      .css-form input.ng-invalid.ng-dirty {
        background-color: #FA787E;
      }

      .css-form input.ng-valid.ng-dirty {
        background-color: #78FA89;
      }
    </style>

    <script>
      angular.module('formExample', [])
        .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
          $scope.master = {};

          $scope.update = function(user) {
            $scope.master = angular.copy(user);
          };

          $scope.reset = function() {
            $scope.user = angular.copy($scope.master);
          };

          $scope.reset();
        }]);
    </script>

# Binding to form and control state

A form is an instance of FormController. The form instance can optionally be published into the scope using the `name` attribute.

Similarly, an input control that has the ngModel directive holds an instance of NgModelController. Such a control instance can be published as a property of the form instance using the `name` attribute on the input control. The name attribute specifies the name of the property on the form instance.

This implies that the internal state of both the form and the control is available for binding in the view using the standard binding primitives.

This allows us to extend the above example with these features:

- RESET button is enabled only if form has some changes
- SAVE button is enabled only if form has some changes and is valid
- custom error messages for `user.email` and `user.agree`

Edit in Plunker

    <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
      <form name="form" class="css-form" novalidate>
        Name:
          <input type="text" ng-model="user.name" name="uName" required /><br />
        E-mail:
          <input type="email" ng-model="user.email" name="uEmail" required/><br />
        <div ng-show="form.uEmail.$dirty && form.uEmail.$invalid">Invalid:
          <span ng-show="form.uEmail.$error.required">Tell us your email.</span>
          <span ng-show="form.uEmail.$error.email">This is not a valid email.</span>
        </div>

        Gender: <input type="radio" ng-model="user.gender" value="male" />male
        <input type="radio" ng-model="user.gender" value="female" />female<br />

        <input type="checkbox" ng-model="user.agree" name="userAgree" required />
        I agree: <input ng-show="user.agree" type="text" ng-model="user.agreeSign"
                  required /><br />
        <div ng-show="!user.agree || !user.agreeSign">Please agree and sign.</div>

        <button ng-click="reset()" ng-disabled="isUnchanged(user)">RESET</button>
        <button ng-click="update(user)"
                ng-disabled="form.$invalid || isUnchanged(user)">SAVE</button>
      </form>
    </div>

    angular.module('formExample', [])
      .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
        $scope.master = {};

        $scope.update = function(user) {
          $scope.master = angular.copy(user);
        };

        $scope.reset = function() {
          $scope.user = angular.copy($scope.master);
        };

        $scope.isUnchanged = function(user) {
          return angular.equals(user, $scope.master);
        };

        $scope.reset();
      }]);

# Custom triggers

By default, any change to the content will trigger a model update and form validation. You can override this behavior using the ngModelOptions directive to bind only to specified list of events. I.e. `ng-model-options="{ updateOn: 'blur' }"` will update and validate only after the control loses focus. You can set several events using a space delimited list. I.e. `ng-model-options="{ updateOn: 'mousedown blur' }"`

If you want to keep the default behavior and just add new events that may trigger the model update and validation, add "default" as one of the specified events.

I.e. `ng-model-options="{ updateOn: 'default blur' }"`

The following example shows how to override immediate updates. Changes on the inputs within the form will update the model only when the control loses focus (blur event).

Edit in Plunker

    <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
      <form>
        Name:
        <input type="text" ng-model="user.name" ng-model-options="{ updateOn: 'blur' }" /><br />
        Other data:
        <input type="text" ng-model="user.data" /><br />
      </form>
      <pre>username = "{{user.name}}"</pre>
      <pre>userdata = "{{user.data}}"</pre>
    </div>

    angular.module('customTriggerExample', [])
     .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
       $scope.user = {};
     }]);

# Non-immediate (debounced) model updates

You can delay the model update/validation by using the `debounce` key with the ngModelOptions directive. This delay will also apply to parsers, validators and model flags like `$dirty` or `$pristine`.

I.e. `ng-model-options="{ debounce: 500 }"` will wait for half a second since the last content change before triggering the model update and form validation.

If custom triggers are used, custom debouncing timeouts can be set for each event using an object in `debounce`. This can be useful to force immediate updates on some specific circumstances (like blur events).

I.e. `ng-model-options="{ updateOn: 'default blur', debounce: { default: 500, blur: 0 } }"`

If those attributes are added to an element, they will be applied to all the child elements and controls that inherit from it unless they are overridden.

This example shows how to debounce model changes. Model will be updated only 250 milliseconds after last change.

Edit in Plunker

    <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
      <form>
        Name:
        <input type="text" ng-model="user.name" ng-model-options="{ debounce: 250 }" /><br />
      </form>
      <pre>username = "{{user.name}}"</pre>
    </div>

    angular.module('debounceExample', [])
      .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
        $scope.user = {};
      }]);

# Custom Validation

Angular provides basic implementation for most common html5 input types: (text, number, url, email, radio, checkbox), as well as some directives for validation (`required`, `pattern`, `minlength`, `maxlength`, `min`, `max`).

Defining your own validator can be done by defining your own directive which adds a custom validation function to the `ngModel` controller. To get a hold of the controller the directive specifies a dependency as shown in the example below. The validation can occur in two places:

- Model to View update - Whenever the bound model changes, all functions in NgModelController#$formatters array are pipe-lined, so that each of these functions has an opportunity to format the value and change validity state of the form control through NgModelController#$setValidity.

- View to Model update - In a similar way, whenever a user interacts with a control it calls NgModelController#$setViewValue. This in turn pipelines all functions in the NgModelController#$parsers array, so that each of these functions has an opportunity to convert the value and change validity state of the form control through NgModelController#$setValidity.

In the following example we create two directives.

- The first one is `integer` and it validates whether the input is a valid integer. For example `1.23` is an invalid value, since it contains a fraction. Note that we unshift the array instead of pushing. This is because we want it to be the first parser and consume the control string value, as we need to execute the validation function before a conversion to number occurs.

- The second directive is a `smart-float`. It parses both `1.2` and `1,2` into a valid float number `1.2`. Note that we can't use input type `number` here as HTML5 browsers would not allow the user to type what it would consider an invalid number such as `1,2`.

Edit in Plunker

    <form name="form" class="css-form" novalidate>
      <div>
        Size (integer 0 - 10):
        <input type="number" ng-model="size" name="size"
               min="0" max="10" integer />{{size}}<br />
        <span ng-show="form.size.$error.integer">This is not valid integer!</span>
        <span ng-show="form.size.$error.min || form.size.$error.max">
          The value must be in range 0 to 10!</span>
      </div>

      <div>
        Length (float):
        <input type="text" ng-model="length" name="length" smart-float />
        {{length}}<br />
        <span ng-show="form.length.$error.float">
          This is not a valid float number!</span>
      </div>
    </form>

    var app = angular.module('form-example1', []);

    var INTEGER_REGEXP = /^\-?\d+$/;
    app.directive('integer', function() {
      return {
        require: 'ngModel',
        link: function(scope, elm, attrs, ctrl) {
          ctrl.$parsers.unshift(function(viewValue) {
            if (INTEGER_REGEXP.test(viewValue)) {
              // it is valid
              ctrl.$setValidity('integer', true);
              return viewValue;
            } else {
              // it is invalid, return undefined (no model update)
              ctrl.$setValidity('integer', false);
              return undefined;
            }
          });
        }
      };
    });

    var FLOAT_REGEXP = /^\-?\d+((\.|\,)\d+)?$/;
    app.directive('smartFloat', function() {
      return {
        require: 'ngModel',
        link: function(scope, elm, attrs, ctrl) {
          ctrl.$parsers.unshift(function(viewValue) {
            if (FLOAT_REGEXP.test(viewValue)) {
              ctrl.$setValidity('float', true);
              return parseFloat(viewValue.replace(',', '.'));
            } else {
              ctrl.$setValidity('float', false);
              return undefined;
            }
          });
        }
      };
    });

# Implementing custom form controls (using `ngModel`)

Angular implements all of the basic HTML form controls (input, select, textarea), which should be sufficient for most cases. However, if you need more flexibility, you can write your own form control as a directive.

In order for custom control to work with `ngModel` and to achieve two-way data-binding it needs to:

- implement `$render` method, which is responsible for rendering the data after it passed the NgModelController#$formatters,
- call `$setViewValue` method, whenever the user interacts with the control and model needs to be updated. This is usually done inside a DOM Event listener.

See $compileProvider.directive for more info.

The following example shows how to add two-way data-binding to contentEditable elements.

Edit in Plunker

    <div contentEditable="true" ng-model="content" title="Click to edit">Some</div>
    <pre>model = {{content}}</pre>

    <style type="text/css">
      div[contentEditable] {
        cursor: pointer;
        background-color: #D0D0D0;
      }
    </style>

    angular.module('form-example2', []).directive('contenteditable', function() {
      return {
        require: 'ngModel',
        link: function(scope, elm, attrs, ctrl) {
          // view -> model
          elm.on('blur', function() {
            scope.$apply(function() {
              ctrl.$setViewValue(elm.html());
            });
          });

          // model -> view
          ctrl.$render = function() {
            elm.html(ctrl.$viewValue);
          };

          // load init value from DOM
          ctrl.$setViewValue(elm.html());
        }
      };
    });